Psychology mu chess: amalamulira kupsinjika ngati ma GM

Tangoganizani kuti mwatsala pang'ono kusuntha chiwongolero chomwe chidzasankhe masewera ofunikira kwambiri. Bungwe, pamaso pa gawo la zotheka zopanda malire, yachepetsedwa kukhala chochitika chomwe chosankha chilichonse chimakhala cholemera ngati slab. Sikungowerengera zamitundu komwe kumakulepheretsani inu, koma mkokomo wa kugonja kwanu m'mbuyomu, mthunzi wa mdani yemwe akuwoneka kuti akuwerenga malingaliro anu ndi kukakamizidwa podziwa izo, pakadali pano, malingaliro anu ndi bwenzi lanu lapamtima komanso mdani wanu woipitsitsa. chess, m'malo mwake, Si masewera chabe strategy; Ndi galasi la momwe timachitira ndi kukakamizidwa, kusatsimikizika ndi malire athu. Kodi mwakonzeka kupeza makiyi amalingaliro omwe amalekanitsa akatswiri ndi osiya asanayambe??

Kupanikizika ngati chothandizira: pamene mantha amakhala cholinga

Kupanikizika mu chess si mdani wakunja, koma kumangidwa kwamaganizo komwe kumachokera ku kusiyana pakati pa zomwe tikuyembekezera ndi zenizeni za bolodi. Aphunzitsi akuluakulu samathetsa kupanikizika kumeneku; sinthani kukhala mkhalidwe wa hyperconcentration, zofanana al “kuyenda” yofotokozedwa ndi Mihály Csíkszentmihályi. Dzikoli silinangochitika mwangozi, koma zotsatira za zizolowezi zophunzitsidwa: kuchokera pakupuma kolamulirika mpaka kuwona zochitika zisanachitike. Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu Malire mu Psychology adawulula kuti osewera osankhika amayambitsa dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - dera lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi zisankho zovuta - bwino kwambiri pakupsinjika., pomwe amateurs akuwonetsa kuchulukitsa kwa amygdala, kugwirizana ndi mantha ndi nkhawa.

Kusiyana sikugona pakusowa kwa mitsempha, koma m’mene amakanikiridwa. Magnus Carlsen, Mwachitsanzo, wavomereza kuti akumva “agulugufe m'mimba” pamaso pa masewera ovuta, koma m’malo momenyana nawo, Amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati chizindikiro kuti ali mumkhalidwe wabwino wopikisana nawo.. Maganizo amenewa amaphunzitsidwa ndi njira monga kuwonekera pang'onopang'ono kuzovuta kwambiri, njira yomwe mungagwiritse ntchito potsatira a chizolowezi 30 mphindi zochokera sayansi kuti muwongolere magwiridwe antchito anu.

Mwambo ngati nangula: Momwe kukhala chete kumasankha masewera

Yang'anani mbuye aliyense masewera asanachitike ndipo mudzawona njira zovutirapo.: kuyambira momwe amayika zidutswazo mpaka momwe amasinthira mpando wawo. Miyambo imeneyi si zikhulupiriro, koma zida zamaganizo zochepetsera chidziwitso chazidziwitso. M'malo omwe chisankho chilichonse chimadya mphamvu zamaganizidwe, zizolowezi zimakhala ngati “oyendetsa ndege” zomwe zimamasula zothandizira zomwe zili zofunikadi: kuwerengera zamitundumitundu.

Wosewera wa chess waku Russia Vladimir Kramnik, wodziwika chifukwa cha kusamala kwake, Nthawi zonse ndinkanyamula cholembera chofanana popita kumasewera. Sizinali mwangozi., koma chifukwa chakuti adagwirizanitsa chinthucho ndi mkhalidwe wodekha ndi wokhazikika. Mfundo imeneyi, kudziwika ngati classic conditioning, ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa osewera aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, Ngati masewerawa asanachitike mumayang'ananso malo omwe mumakonda ndi khofi m'manja, ubongo wanu udzagwirizanitsa kukoma ndi fungo ndi chikhalidwe cha kukonzekera mulingo woyenera. Kuti tifufuze mozama momwe tingapangire miyambo imeneyi, fufuzani kalozera wathu pa momwe mungasinthire masewera anu, komwe mupeza momwe mungasinthire zolakwika kukhala zizolowezi zowongolera.

Chodabwitsa cha kukumbukira: chifukwa chiyani kuiwala kuli kofunika monga kukumbukira

mu chess, kukumbukira ndi lupanga lakuthwa konsekonse. Mbali inayi, kudziwa zotsegula, mathero ndi machitidwe anzeru ndizofunikira kuti tipikisane pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Kumbali ina, kumamatira kuloweza moumirira kungakhale koopsa pamene mdaniyo apatuka pa zimene zikuyembekezeredwa. Osewera omwe amadziwa kukakamiza ndi omwe amawongolera kukumbukira ndi kusinthasintha, lingaliro limene katswiri wa zamaganizo Anders Ericsson adayitcha kukumbukira kusinthasintha.

Mlandu waparadigmatic ndi wa Ding Liren, katswiri wapadziko lonse wapano, amene pambuyo pa kugonja kochititsa manyazi mu 2018 adaganiza zoyambiranso nyimbo zake zotsegulira. M'malo moloweza mizere, yolunjika pakumvetsetsa mfundo zazikuluzikulu: kulamulira pakati, mbali chitukuko ndi kugwirizana. Njirayi sinangowonjezera masewera ake, koma zinachepetsa nkhawa zawo pa zomwe sizikudziwika, popeza adadalira luso lake lokonzekera bwino. Zimene tikuphunzirapo n’zomveka: kukumbukira mu chess sikuyenera kukhala fayilo yokhazikika, koma dongosolo lamphamvu lomwe limasinthidwa ndi masewera aliwonse.

El wopikisana naye wosawoneka: momwe zokambirana zanu zamkati zimawonongera masewera anu

Chess ndi duel yokhayokha pomwe mdani wanu wamkulu nthawi zambiri amakhala malingaliro anu. Mawu ngati “Sindingatayenso” o “mdani wanga ndi wamphamvu kwambiri” amayambitsa zomwe akatswiri a zamaganizo amazitcha maulosi odzikwaniritsa, chochitika chomwe ziyembekezo zoipa zimatengera zotsatira zake. Kafukufuku wochokera ku yunivesite ya Chicago adawonetsa kuti osewera omwe adayang'ana kwambiri “osalakwitsa” iwo anali a 40% okhoza kutaya kuposa omwe amangoganizira “pezani sewero labwino kwambiri”.

Njira yothetsera vutoli si kupondereza maganizo amenewa, sino sinthani iwo. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo monena “Sindiyenera kutaya ndalamayi”, mukhoza kubwereza monga “Kodi chiwongolerochi chimandipatsa mwayi wotani ngati nditaya??”. Kusintha kumeneku sikungochepetsa nkhawa, koma chimatsegula chitseko cha kulenga. Osewera ngati Judit Polgár, wosewera wabwino kwambiri wa chess m'mbiri, Amanena kuti kupambana kwawo kumabwera chifukwa cha malingaliro amenewa: “Sindinaonepo otsutsa anga ngati apamwamba; monga anthu omwe ndimatha kusewera nawo masewera osangalatsa”. Kugwira ntchito pazokambirana zanu zamkati, Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muwerengenso nkhani yathu 10 zolakwika za kukumbukira zomwe zimachepetsa chess yanu, pomwe timathana ndi momwe malingaliro amakondera amasokoneza malingaliro anu pa bolodi.

Gonjetsani monga mphunzitsi: chifukwa chiyani akatswiri amataya kwambiri kuposa amateurs

Kupanikizika mu chess kumafika pachimake pambuyo pa kugonja, makamaka ngati ili mumasewera ofunikira. Pakadali pano, ubongo umagwira ntchito dongosolo lowopsa, kuyankha kwachisinthiko komwe kumatikonzekeretsa kuthawa kapena kumenya nkhondo, koma mu chess amamasulira kukhala midadada yamalingaliro ndi zisankho zopupuluma. Chinsinsi chogonjetsera dziko lino si kupewa kugonja, koma mu normalize iwo monga gawo la maphunziro.

Bobby Fischer, asanakhale ngwazi yapadziko lonse lapansi, adataya masewera angapo m'mipikisano yaying'ono. Komabe, kugonja kulikonse kunatsatiridwa ndi kusanthula kovutirapo komwe sikungodziwika kokha cholakwika chaukadaulo, komanso mkhalidwe wamaganizo umene unayambitsa. Izi mchitidwe, kudziwika ngati kusinkhasinkha kwa metacognitive, Ndizomwe zimalekanitsa osewera omwe akuchita bwino ndi omwe akupumira.. Ntchito yothandiza ndikulemba a “kugonjetsa diary” komwe mumalembetsa:

• Kusuntha kofunikira komwe mudataya masewerawo.
• Mumaganiza chiyani panthawiyo? (ej.: “Ndinkaopa kuti andiukira”).
• Kodi ndi maganizo otani amene analipo? (ej.: kukhumudwa, nkhawa).
• Phunziro lokhazikika pamasewera otsatirawa.

Njirayi sikuti imangofulumizitsa kusintha kwanu, koma zimachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwamalingaliro kwa kugonja. Ngati mukufuna kuzama mozama momwe mungasinthire zotayika kukhala mwayi, musaphonye zathu kuwongolera zolakwika zamaganizidwe mu chess.

chess, mukukhala chete kwanu, amavumbula zowona zosasangalatsa za ife eni: mmene timachitira ndi kulephera, mmene timalankhulira tokha pamene palibe amene akumvetsera ndiponso mmene timakhulupirira kuti tingathe kudziyambitsanso tokha. Kupanikizika m'masewera ofunikira sikulepheretsa, koma kuitanidwa kuti tipeze mitundu yolimba komanso yopangira zomwe timaganiza kuti ndizotheka. Monga mphunzitsi wamkulu Savielly Tartakower adanena: “Chess ndi masewera olakwitsa pomwe aliyense amene amapanga penultimate amapambana.”. Funso siliri ngati mudzalakwitsa pokakamizidwa, koma momwe mungawasinthire kukhala kusuntha kwina kwamasewera anu - ndi moyo wanu -.