Indlela i-Elo system esebenza ngayo ku-chess: umhlahlandlela ophelele

Cabanga ngomqhudelwano lapho ukunqoba ngakunye kungengezi iphuzu elilodwa kuphela, kodwa ichaza kabusha isikhundla sakho endaweni yonke yabadlali. Lapho uthayi ungewona uhhafu wephuzu, kodwa ukubala okunembile kokulindelwe kanye namathuba. Lona umhlaba we Uhlelo lokushaya amagoli lwe-Elo, ifomula yezibalo eguqule i-chess isuka emdlalweni weqhawe yaba isayensi ncamashi. Kodwa, Ingabe lesi simiso esinquma ukuthi ubani ongcono kakhulu ngaphandle kwesidingo somlingani wokuhlola sisebenza kanjani ngempela?? Futhi kungani ithonya lakhe lidlulela ngalé kwebhodi?, ukubumba kusuka ku amazinga wegeyimu yevidiyo ekuhlolweni kwamakhono kubuhlakani bokwenziwa?

Ngemuva kwayo yonke inombolo yokulinganisa kunomlando wokunqoba, ukuhlulwa kanye, phezu kwakho konke, kokulindelweyo. Uhlelo lwe-Elo alulinganisi kuphela ukuthi ubani owinile, sino njenge uwinile, Futhi wawunethuba elingakanani lowomphumela?. Kulesi sihloko, sizodiliza logic yayo efihliwe, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungokoqobo kanye nezimpikiswano ezikhiqizwe ku-chess yesimanje. Ngoba ukuqonda u-Elo akukhona nje ukucacisa ifomula, ukuqonda ukuthi i-chess yaba kanjani isibuko sokuncintisana kwabantu.

Imvelaphi ka-Elo: lapho i-chess iba izibalo

Ngaphambi kwe-Arpad Elo, I-Chess ibingenayo indlela eqondile yokulinganisa amandla omdlali. Imiqhudelwano yayinqunywa ngamaphuzu anqwabelene, kodwa yayingekho indlela yokuqhathanisa ukusebenza phakathi kwezenzakalo ezihlukene. Ku 1960, Lesi sazi sefiziksi saseHungary-American sihlongoze uhlelo olusekelwe ku- ithiyori yamathuba, igqugquzelwe indlela abadlali be-chess asebevele beyihlole ngayo imidlalo yabo ngendlela enembile. Umbono wakhe wawulula: Uma umdlali onesilinganiso esiphezulu ehlula onesilinganiso esiphansi, ushintsho ezilinganisweni zakho kufanele lube luncane, ngoba umphumela wawuyilokho obekulindelekile. Kodwa uma lowo onesilinganiso esiphansi ewina, ukulungiswa kumele kube okubalulekile, okubonisa ukumangala kwezibalo.

Ifomula yokuqala ye-Elo, yamukelwe yi-FIDE ku 1970, isekelwe kulesi sisekelo esilandelayo: umehluko esilinganisweni phakathi kwabadlali ababili ubikezela amathuba okunqoba. Ngokwesibonelo, umdlali nge 200 amaphuzu angaphezu kwalawo imbangi yakhe cishe inelilodwa 76% amathuba okuwina. Uma umphumela uhambisana nalokhu okulindelekile, izinguquko esilinganisweni zincane. Kodwa uma umdlali “buthaka” gana, Uhlelo lujezisa intandokazi futhi luklomelise ushansela ngenzuzo enkulu ngamaphuzu. Lo mqondo awugcini nje ukulinganisa ukusebenza, kodwa futhi ikhuthaza ukungaguquguquki: Umdlali owinayo ngokumelene nezimbangi zeleveli efanayo uthuthukisa ngaphezu koyedwa oqongelela ukunqoba ngokumelene nabaphikisi abaphansi kakhulu..

Uhlelo lwe-Elo bekungelona elokuqala ukuzama ukukala amandla e-chess. Ngaphambili zazikhona izindlela ezifana uhlelo Harkness, lokho kulungise izilinganiso ngokulandelana, noma i Uhlelo lwe-Ingo, esetshenziswa eJalimane, lokho kwajezisa ukuhlulwa okuningi. Nokho, I-Elo yagqama ngobuhle bayo bezibalo kanye nekhono layo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene. Hoy, Ithonya layo lijulile kangangokuthi ngisho nezinkundla zithanda Chess.com kanye Lichess Bayisebenzisela ukukala izigidi zabadlali abaku-inthanethi, okubonisa ukuthi ukufaneleka kwayo kudlula i-chess yobuso nobuso.

Ifomula ngemuva kwenombolo: ukwephula i-algorithm ye-Elo

Ingqikithi yesistimu ye-Elo ilele kufomula yayo, okungase kubonakale kuyinkimbinkimbi ekuqaleni, kodwa empeleni okuwuhlelo lokusebenza oluqondile lwe ukusatshalaliswa okuvamile. Isibalo esiyisisekelo sokubala isilinganiso esisha somdlali sithi:

R_nuevo =R_i-viejo + K × (S – E)

Kuphi:

• R_nuevo isilinganiso esibuyekeziwe somdlali.
• R_i-viejo isilinganiso sangaphambilini.
• K nguye isici sokuthuthukiswa, okunquma ukuthi isilinganiso singashintsha kangakanani emdlalweni. Leli nani liyahlukahluka kuye ngezinga lomdlali: Abaqalayo bane-K ephakeme (kuze 40), kuyilapho ogogo bevame ukuba no-K we 10 o 20, okubonisa ukuthi isilinganiso sayo sizinzile.
• S umphumela wangempela womdlalo (1 ngokunqoba, 0.5 okokudonsa, 0 ngokuhlulwa).
• E ukulindela ukunqoba, kubalwe ngefomula:

E = 1 / (1 + 10^{(R_imbangi – R_umdlali)/400})

Lesi sibalo sokugcina siyisihluthulelo: guqula umehluko ezilinganisweni zibe amathuba. Ngokwesibonelo, Uma umdlali enesilinganiso se 1800 nembangi yakhe 2000, ukulindela ukunqoba okokuqala kungaba:

E = 1 / (1 + 10^{(2000-1800)/400}) = 1 / (1 + 10^0.5) ≈ 0.24

Lokhu kusho ukuthi umdlali 1800 unayo a 24% amathuba okuwina. Uma uzuza ukunqoba, iphuzu lakho inzuzo kungaba:

R_nuevo = 1800 + 32 × (1 – 0.24) ≈ 1800 + 24.32 ≈ 1824

Imbangi, esikhundleni salokho, Ngingalahlekelwa yilawo maphuzu afanayo. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela isistimu evuza ngayo imiphumela engalindelekile futhi ijezisa amaphutha ngokumelene nezimbangi ezingaphansi ngokomqondo.. Kepha isici se-K sengeza i-nuance ebalulekile: umdlali osemusha noma osafufusa angase abe no-K ophakeme, okuvumela isilinganiso sakho ukuthi sibonise ukuthuthuka kwakho ngokushesha. Kunalokho, ugogo one-K ephansi uzobona izinguquko ezincane esilinganisweni sakhe, ngisho nangemva kokunqoba izimbangi eziphakeme.

Ukukhethwa kwesici se-K akunasizathu. Kwe imiqhudelwano ye-elite, njengeCandidates Tournament, kwa-FIDE sebenzisa u-K we 10 kubadlali abanezilinganiso eziphakeme kune 2400, ngenkathi usemiqhudelwaneni yentsha noma ye-amateur, i-K ingaba 20 noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kuvumela isistimu ukuthi ivumelane nezimo ezihlukene, kusukela kumameshi aku-inthanethi asheshayo kuya emiqhudelwaneni yakudala yamahora amaningi.

Elo ngokusebenza: ngale kwethiyori

Uhlelo lwe-Elo aluyona nje i-abstraction yezibalo; Ukusebenza kwayo kuchaze kabusha ukuthi imiqhudelwano ihlelwa kanjani nokuthi abadlali bayihlela kanjani imisebenzi yabo. Esinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu yikhono layo loku bikezela imiphumela. Emiqhudelwaneni yaseSwitzerland, Ngokwesibonelo, Ukufana kusekelwe esilinganisweni se-Elo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abadlali bayaqhudelana nabamelene nabo abanamandla afanayo. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokwenza imiqhudelwano ilunge, kodwa futhi ivumela abahleli funda amapheya emizuliswano ngokuqondile, ukugwema ukungalingani okungase kuphazamise imiphumela.

Kodwa u-Elo naye unemikhawulo yakhe. Okunye ukugxekwa okuphindaphindekayo yikhona inertia: Umdlali othuthuka ngokushesha angathatha izinyanga ukuze abonise leyo nqubekelaphambili esilinganisweni sakhe, ikakhulukazi uma uqhudelana emiqhudelwaneni eno-K ophansi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isistimu yakhelwe ukuthi izinzile, ukungaphenduli ezinguqukweni ezingazelelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, UMagnus Carlsen uthole isilinganiso se 2882 phakathi 2014, kodwa lelo nani alizange livele ngokuphazima kweso. Kwakuwumphumela weminyaka yokungaguquguquki, lapho ukunqoba ngakunye ngokumelene nezimbangi elite kwengeze amaphuzu ambalwa kuphela, kodwa zanqwabelana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Okunye ukugxekwa kwe-Elo ukuzwela kwayo ukwehla kwamandla emali. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izilinganiso zivame ukwanda, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni eziphansi, lapho abadlali abasha bengena ngezilinganiso eziphansi futhi omakadebona baqongelela amaphuzu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yiwo. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni i-FIDE ilungise izilinganiso ngezikhathi ezithile, ukususa amaphuzu kubo bonke abadlali ukugcina isikali. Nokho, Lezi zinguquko zinempikiswano, njengoba zingaphazamisa umbono wabadlali ngenqubekelaphambili.

U-Elo uphinde wabonakala ewusizo ezimweni ezingalindelekile. Ku-inthanethi chess, Amapulatifomu afana ne-Lichess aguqule isistimu ukuthi ifake okuhlukile okufana ne- inhlamvu noma i i-blitz, lapho isici sesikhathi sengeza isendlalelo esengeziwe sobunzima. Kulawa mafomethi, U-Elo angashintsha ngokushesha, ukukhombisa isimo esishintshashintshayo semidlalo esheshayo. Ngisho nasemidlalweni yevidiyo efana i-League of Legends o I-Dota 2, uhlelo lwe-Elo (noma izinhlobonhlobo ezifana MMR) esetshenziswa ukufanisa abadlali, ekhombisa ukuguquguquka kwakhe ngaphandle kwebhodi.

I-Elo kanye ne-psychology ye-chess: lapho izinombolo zichaza ingqondo

Uhlelo lwe-Elo alulinganisi amandla we-chess kuphela; Iphinde ilolonge i-psychology yabadlali. Isilinganiso esiphezulu singaba umthwalo, ikakhulukazi lapho izimbangi zikubona njengomgomo wokunqoba. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi yi- umphumela oyintandokazi: umdlali onesilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu angase azizwe enengcindezi yokuthi angaphoxi okulindelekile, ngenkathi imbangi yakhe, ukungabi nalutho ongakulahlekela, dlala ngokukhululeka. Lesi simo sichaza ukuthi kungani izibopho zivame kakhulu emiqhudelwaneni yezinga eliphezulu.: Abadlali bancamela ukuvikela uhhafu wephuzu kunokuba babeke engcupheni yokuhlulwa okungabalahlekisela inqwaba yamaphoyinti e-Elo..

U-Elo uphinde abe nomthelela ekutheni abadlali bakhetha kanjani imiqhudelwano yabo. Uthisha omkhulu onesilinganiso se 2700 izogwema ukuncintisana emicimbini lapho iningi lezimbangi linezilinganiso eziphansi kune 2500, hhayi nje ngenxa yokuthi imali etholwayo izoba mincane, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlulwa okungalindelekile kungalimaza udumo lwakhe. Kunalokho, umdlali okhulayo uzofuna ngenkuthalo imiqhudelwano enezimbangi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, noma ngabe kusho ukulahlekelwa imidlalo eminingi, ngoba ukunqoba ngakunye kuzokulethela amaphuzu engeziwe futhi kusheshise intuthuko yakho.

Lokhu kuguquguquka kuholele ezingxoxweni mayelana ne Elo ethics. Abanye abadlali baphikisa ngokuthi uhlelo luyakhuthaza ukugcwaliswa kwesihlabathi, umkhuba lapho umdlali egcina ngamabomu isilinganiso esiphansi ukuze awine kalula emiqhudelwaneni ngemiklomelo yemali. Nakuba i-FIDE nezinye izinhlangano zenze izindlela zokulwa nalo mkhuba, kuseyinkinga ku-amateur ne-online chess. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, I-Elo ingaba yithuluzi lokugqugquzela: Ukubona inani likhula ngemva kokunqoba ngakunye kuqinisa ukuzethemba nokuzinikela emdlalweni.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kuka-Elo kanye ne-chess psychology bujulile kangangokuthi ezinye izifundo ziphakamisa ukuthi abadlali abanezilinganiso eziphezulu bathuthukise amaphethini okucabanga ahlukene.. Ngokwesibonelo, ucwaningo olushicilelwe ku Isayensi Yezengqondo ithole ukuthi abadlali be-elite kungenzeka ukuthi benze izinqumo ezisekelwe amathuba ukuthi kwe umuzwa, ikhono elihambisana nekhono lakho lokubala okuhlukile okuyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-Elo alulinganisi ikhono kuphela, kodwa futhi isikhunta indlela abadlali abasondela ngayo emdlalweni, okwenza kube ukubonakaliswa komqondo wakho wokuncintisana.

Ikusasa lika-Elo: ingabe i-AI ingayishintsha?

Esikhathini sobuhlakani bokwenziwa, uhlelo lwe-Elo lubhekene nenselelo enkulu. Izinjini like I-Stockfish ne-AlphaZero baye babonisa ukuthi imishini ingadlala i-chess ezingeni elingenakutholwa abantu, Kodwa uwakala kanjani amandla akho ohlelweni olwakhelwe abadlali abangabantu?? Impendulo iyinkimbinkimbi: kuyilapho i-Elo isewusizo ekulinganiseni abadlali abangabantu, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ku-AI kunomkhawulo, kwazise imishini ayiqhudelani ngendlela efanayo.

I-AlphaZero, Ngokwesibonelo, wafunda ukudlala i-chess kusukela ekuqaleni, ngaphandle kolwazi lwangaphambili lokuvuleka noma iziphetho. Kunjalo “ukukala” Ayibalwa kusetshenziswa isistimu ye-Elo yendabuko, kodwa ngokusebenzisa imidlalo ngokumelene nezinye izinjini, lapho umphumela ungahumushi kumaphuzu, kodwa ekuhlaziyeni ukusebenza kwazo okuhambisanayo. Lokhu sekuholele ekutheni abanye ochwepheshe baphakamise ezinye izinhlelo, njengaye Glicko-2 noma i I-TrueSkill, ezihlanganisa okuguquguqukayo njenge ukungaqiniseki esilinganisweni futhi ukungaguquguquki yomdlali.

Nokho, U-Elo uhlala engenakushintshwa ku-human chess. Ubulula nokucaca kwayo kuyenza ifinyeleleke kubadlali bawo wonke amazinga, kusukela kwabaqalayo ukuya kogogo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ikhono layo lokuzivumelanisa namafomethi ahlukene (zakudala, ngokushesha, i-blitz) ikwenza kube ithuluzi elisebenza ngezindlela eziningi ukuhlela imiqhudelwano. Ngisho naku-inthanethi chess, lapho imidlalo ishintshashintsha kakhulu, U-Elo useyi-standard, nakuba izinkundla ezifana ne-Lichess zethule izinguquko ukuze zibonise kangcono ukuguquguquka kokusebenza.

Inselele yangempela ka-Elo akuyona i-AI, kodwa ikhono layo lokuhlala libalulekile emhlabeni lapho i-chess idlalwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezikhulayo. Ngokukhuphuka kwe chess ku-metaverse kanye nemiqhudelwano eyi-hybrid, lapho abantu nemishini kuqhudelana khona umcimbi ofanayo, isistimu ye-Elo ingase iguquke ukuze ifake amamethrikhi amasha. Ngokwesibonelo, izici zingafakwa ezifana isikhathi sokucabanga noma i izinga lokusungula emidlalweni, ukuhlukanisa abadlali abathembele ezinjinini kulabo abathembele ebuhlakanini babo.

Kodwa nalezi zinguquko, Umnyombo wohlelo lwe-Elo uzohlala unjalo: indlela yokulinganisa ubuhle ku-chess, lapho iphuzu ngalinye eliwinile noma elilahlekile lixoxa indaba yomzamo, isu kanye, ngezinye izikhathi, unenhlanhla.

Isiphetho: Elo njengesibuko sokuncintisana kwabantu

Isistimu yokulinganisa ye-Elo ingaphezulu kakhulu kwefomula yezibalo; Kuyinkomba yendlela abantu abaqhudelana ngayo., sifunda futhi sizivumelanise. Selokhu yadalwa ngo 1960, ibonakale iyithuluzi elinamandla lokulinganisa amandla e-chess, kodwa futhi yembule ubunzima obungokwengqondo namasu obuchaza umdlalo. Ayiphelele: uhlushwa ukwehla kwamandla emali, zingaphathwa futhi, kwezinye izimo, iklomelisa ukungaguquguquki ngaphezu kokusungula. Nokho, ifa lakhe alinakuphikwa.

Hoy, I-Elo iyaqhubeka ibe ulimi olujwayelekile lwe-chess, inombolo efingqa iminyaka yokufunda, imidlalo ejabulisayo futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, izikhathi zokukhungatheka. Kodwa ngaphandle kwemiqhudelwano kanye namazinga, Isimiso se-Elo sisifundisa isifundo esibalulekile: emncintiswaneni, njengasempilweni, inqubekelaphambili ayilinganiswa ngokunqoba kuphela, kodwa ngendlela esibhekana ngayo nezilindelwe futhi sinqobe imiphumela ebesingayilindele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusebhodini lamapulangwe noma isikrini sedijithali, U-Elo usikhumbuza ukuthi umdlalo ngamunye uyithuba lokuthuthuka, hhayi kuphela isilinganiso sethu, kodwa ukuqonda kwethu umdlalo kanye nathi.

Ngakho ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho ubona inombolo eduze kwegama lomdlali, khumbula: ngemuva kwaleso silinganiso kunomlando wezinqumo, amaphutha kanye nempumelelo. Futhi uma uke uzibuze ukuthi isebenza kanjani, manje uyazi ukuthi akuwona umlingo, kodwa izibalo zazisebenza kuwo kanye umnyombo wamakhono omuntu.