Steinitz: Momwe chess idayendera kuchokera ku luso kupita ku sayansi

chess, m'malo mwake, kwa zaka mazana ambiri kwakhala bwalo lankhondo kumene ndakatulo ndi sayansi zinkamenyana mwakachetechete. M'mbuyomu 1886, masewerawa anali chinsalu cha chikondi, malo amene nsembe zochititsa chidwi ndi kuukira molimba mtima kunaposa kuwerengetsera kulikonse kozizira. koma chaka chimenecho, mu mpikisano wa mbiri yakale ku United States, Wilhelm Steinitz sanangokhala ngwazi yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi, koma idatanthauziranso chess mpaka kalekale. Kupambana kwake pa Johannes Zuketort sikunali chabe kupambana kwaumwini; kunali kubadwa kwa chiphunzitso chapamalo, kusintha kwa paradigm komwe kunasintha bolodi kukhala labotale yamalingaliro abwino. Kodi Steinitz adasintha bwanji chess kuchoka pa luso la ephemeral kupita ku sayansi yeniyeni??

Chess romanticism: pamene gululo linali chiwonetsero cha chilakolako

Kuti mumvetse kusintha kwa Steinitz, Ndikofunikira kubwerera ku nthawi yomwe chess inali yofanana ndi chiwonetsero komanso kutengeka mtima.. Iye chikondi chess, zomwe zidakula kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 19, kuukira koyambirira kuposa chitetezo, nsembe pa kusamala. Zofanana “Wosafa”, wosewera ndi Adolf Anderssen mu 1851, kuzinga mzimu uwu: bishopu woperekedwa nsembe pano, nsanja yosiyidwa pamenepo, zonse m'dzina la cheke wanzeru. Koma kuseri kwa kukongola kodabwitsa kumeneku kunali vuto lalikulu: kusowa njira. Chess yachikondi inali, m’njira zambiri, masewera a intuition, pomwe munthu wanzeru adasokoneza kuyesa kulikonse pa systematization.

Njira iyi, komabe, anali ndi malire omveka bwino. Osewera aluso kwambiri amatha kuwonekera pamasewera akutali, koma analibe ndondomeko yanthanthi yomwe ikanawalola kubwereza kupambana kwawo mosasintha.. chess, m'manja mwa okondana, Zinali ngati ndakatulo yopanda dongosolo: wokongola, koma ephemeral. Funso limene linabuka linali losapeŵeka: Kodi chess ingasinthe kupitilira kudzoza kwakanthawi kuti ikhale yophunzitsidwa ndi mfundo zapadziko lonse lapansi??

Steinitz ndi sayansi ya chess: bolodi ngati equation

Wilhelm Steinitz sanali wosewera wina chabe pamasewera a chess m'zaka za zana la 19. Anabadwira ku Prague ku 1836, Mayendedwe ake pamasewerawa anali osiyana kwambiri ndi a m'nthawi yake. Pamene ena ankafuna kuukira pa chilichonse, Steinitz adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kumvetsetsa malamulo obisika wa bodi. Chothandizira chake chachikulu chinali kupanga mapangidwe a chiphunzitso chapamalo, ndondomeko yomwe inkayika patsogolo dongosolo la pawn, kuwongolera danga ndi kudzikundikira kwa zabwino zing'onozing'ono kuposa zowombera mwaluso.

Pa Steinitz, chess sichinali duel ya egos, koma vuto la masamu. Gulu lililonse limayenera kuyankha kumalingaliro amkati, kuwunika kolinga kwa udindowo. Mumasewera ake otchuka motsutsana ndi Zuketort mu 1886, zinasonyeza kuti udindo wapamwamba ukhoza kugonjetsa ngakhale talente yowala kwambiri. Zuketort, katswiri woukira, anagonjetsedwa ndi kuleza mtima ndi kulondola kwa Steinitz, WHO, monga wasayansi mu labotale yake, adathetsa kuyesa kulikonse kolimbana ndi kuzizira kowerengeka. Njira imeneyi sinangomupatsa chipambano, koma idayala maziko a chess yamakono.

Koma, Kodi kutengeka maganizo kumeneku kunachokera kuti?? Steinitz ankakhala m’nthawi imene sayansi ndi luso lazopangapanga zinkasintha dziko.. Kusintha kwa Industrial, Kupita patsogolo kwa masamu ndi chisonkhezero chomakula cha njira ya sayansi zinasonkhezera maganizo ake.. kwa iye, chess sichingakhale chosiyana: Ngati chilengedwe chimatsatira malamulo odalirika, chifukwa chiyani gulu siliyenera kutero? Cholowa chake, komabe, Sizinali zongopeka chabe.. Steinitz analinso mpainiya kukonzekera m'maganizo, kumvetsetsa kuti chess inali masewera amalingaliro ngati zidutswa. Kuyanjana uku pakati pa sayansi ndi psychology kungakhale mzati wa chess wamakono.

Kuchokera ku nsembe kupita ku dongosolo: momwe chess idadziwikiratu

Lingaliro la Steinitz silinangosintha momwe amasewerera, komanso njira yoganizira za chess. pamaso pake, osewera adawunikidwa malo potengera zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa: “Kodi kuwukira uku kukuwoneka kwamphamvu?” o “Kodi nsembe iyi ndi yanzeru?”. Steinitz adayambitsa ndondomeko ya zolinga: “Ndani amawongolera mabokosi ambiri??”, “Ndi zidutswa ziti zomwe zili bwino kwambiri?”, “Kodi pali zofooka mu kapangidwe ka pawn??”. Kusintha kwa kawonedwe kameneka kunasintha chess kukhala njira yomwe kukonzekera kwanthawi yayitali kudalowa m'malo mwa luso..

Chitsanzo chomveka bwino cha chisinthiko ichi ndi kufananiza pakati pa njuga ya mfumu, kutsegulira kwachikondi komwe mzungu amapereka ndalama kuti ayambe kuchitapo kanthu, ndi chitetezo cha mfumu Indian, malo otsegulira pomwe Black amapereka malo kenako ndikuwukira. Pomwe gambit ya mfumu ikufuna kusalinganiza masewerawa kuyambira pakusuntha koyamba, Chitetezo cha King's Indian chimayika patsogolo kulimba mtima komanso kuleza mtima. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku sikunangochitika mwangozi.: zikuwonetsa ndimeyi kuyambira nthawi yomwe chess inali luso kupita ku ina komwe idakhala sayansi.

Komabe, Njira imeneyi inalinso ndi otsutsa. osewera ambiri, makamaka amene anakulira mu miyambo yachikondi, Iwo ankawona chiphunzitso cha udindo monga chiwopsezo ku zilandiridwenso.. Sinali chess, izi zili choncho, masewera amalingaliro? Steinitz adayankha zotsutsa izi ndi mawu omwe akhala mantra kwa osewera apamwamba.: “Chess ndi masewera amalingaliro, koma malingaliro ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi kulingalira”. Mwanjira ina, luso lopanga zinthu popanda maziko linali lopanda ntchito ngati nyumba yopanda maziko.

Cholowa cha Steinitz: pamene chess inakhala galasi la malingaliro aumunthu

Zotsatira za Steinitz zidadutsa gululo. Njira yake yasayansi idayala maziko amibadwo ya osewera omwe, monga José Raúl Capablanca kapena Anatoly Karpov, angatengere chiphunzitso chapamalo kupita patali. Koma kupitirira mafungulo ndi mathero, Steinitz adawonetsa kuti chess ikhoza kukhala chithunzithunzi cha malingaliro amunthu mumkhalidwe wake wangwiro.: munda kumene logic, luso ndi psychology zimalumikizana.

Hoyi, pamene luntha lochita kupanga likulamulira masewera apamwamba, N'zosavuta kuiwala kuti panali nthawi imene Masewero anali uncharted gawo. Steinitz anali woyamba kulemba mapu a chigawocho, posandutsa chisokonezo kukhala dongosolo. Kupambana kwake mkati 1886 Sikunali chiyambi chabe cha mpikisano wapadziko lonse; Inali nthawi yomwe chess idasiya kukhala chosangalatsa ndikukhala mwambo wokhala ndi malamulo., mfundo ndi, pamwamba pa zonse, tsogolo.

Koma, Zomwe zatsala za chess zachikondi mu nthawi yamaudindo? Zoposa momwe zikuwonekera. Ngakhale masewera amakono amaika patsogolo kulondola kuposa zowonera, chinsinsi cha chess chimakhala chimodzimodzi: kulimbana pakati pa malingaliro awiri. Kusiyana kwake ndiko, zikomo kwa Steinitz, Tsopano tili ndi zida zomvetsetsa chifukwa chake malingaliro ena amapambana pomwe ena amalephera.. M’lingaliro limenelo, Cholowa chake si chiphunzitso chabe, koma kuitanidwa kuti tiyang'ane pa bolodi ndi maso atsopano: osati ngati bwalo lankhondo, koma ngati labotale komwe sayansi ndi luso zimakumana.

Mapeto: chess ngati fanizo la kusinthika kwaumunthu

Mpikisano wa 1886 pakati pa Steinitz ndi Zuketort zinali zambiri kuposa mpikisano. Inali nthawi yosintha kwambiri mbiri ya chess., mphindi pamene masewera anasiya kukhala chithunzithunzi cha chikondi ndi kukhala kalilole wa kulingalira. Steinitz sanangopambana masewera amodzi okha; adawonetsa kuti chess, monga sayansi, akhoza kukhazikitsidwa mwadongosolo, anaphunzira ndi kuchita bwino. Kupambana kwake kunali kupambana kwa logic pa intuition, wa chipiriro pa kutengeka, sayansi pa luso.

Koma, Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti chess idataya matsenga ake? Ayi. Chiphunzitso cha position sichinathetse luso la kulenga; kutanthauziranso. Hoyi, agogo samangoyang'ana ziwawa zanzeru, koma mayankho okongola mkati mwa chimango chomveka. chess, m'manja mwa Steinitz, adakhala masewera omwe kukongola ndi kulondola kumatha kukhala pamodzi. Ndipo mwina ndilo phunziro lanu lalikulu kwambiri: kuti ngakhale m’dziko lolamulidwa ndi malamulo, nthawi zonse pali malo anzeru.

Ngati chess ndi, monga wolemba Stefan Zweig adanena, “zaluso kwambiri”, ndiye Steinitz anali wasayansi wake woyamba. Cholowa chake chimatikumbutsa zimenezo, pa bolodi ngati m'moyo, mgwirizano pakati pa kulingalira ndi chilakolako ndi chimene chimatipanga ife anthu. Ndipo, Pomaliza pake, wopikisana naye weniweni sikungopambana masewera, koma kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake adapambana.