Chess embusweni wobushiqela: ukukhuthazela, inkululeko nokuvukela buthule

i-chess, ngaphezu komdlalo wamasu, Bekuwuphawu lokumelana kuwo wonke umlando, ubuhlakani nenkululeko ezimeni zengcindezelo. Emibusweni yobushiqela, lapho okulotshiwe khona, ubuciko nokungahloniphi kwakuhlolwe noma kushushiswe, ibhodi 64 UCasillas waba isiphephelo esithule sengqondo. Hhayi nje ngenxa yekhono layo lokubekela inselele ukucabanga kobushiqela, kodwa ngoba, engqikithini yayo, I-Chess ihlanganisa izimiso eziphikisana nobushiqela: ukuzimela komuntu ngamunye, ukwenza izinqumo kwamahhala kanye nekhono lokuhlula omelene naye ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udlame lomzimba. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela i-chess edlula ngayo isimo sayo njengendlela yokuzilibazisa ukuze ibe isenzo sokuhlubuka okungokomfanekiso., ulimi lwe-cipher lokuphikiswa kanye, kwezinye izimo, ithuluzi lokusinda ngokwengqondo emiphakathini lapho inkululeko yayiwukunethezeka okungavunyelwe.

I-Chess njengendawo yokuzimela ekucindezelweni

Emibusweni yobushiqela njengaleyo ka UFrancisco Franco eSpain, Augusto Pinochet eChile o iSoviet Union ngaphansi kukaStalin, Ukulawulwa kombuso kwanwetshwa kuzo zonke izindawo zokuphila, kusukela emfundweni kuya ezokungcebeleka. Nokho, i-chess inikeza inhlansi yokuzimela: umdlalo lapho imithetho yayikhona yonke indawo, hhayi obekwe umbuso, nalapho umdlali angasebenzisa i-ejensi yakhe ngaphandle kwabaxhumanisi. Ngokungafani neminye imidlalo noma imisebenzi yamasiko, I-Chess yayingadingi ingqalasizinda ebizayo noma izimvume zikahulumeni; Okwakudingeka kwaba ibhodi nezingqondo ezimbili ezizimisele ukuphonselana inselelo..

Kwe ICuba kaFidel Castro, Ngokwesibonelo, I-Chess inyuswe ngokusemthethweni njengengxenye yomdlalo “isiko lamavukelambuso”, kodwa futhi kwaba yindawo lapho abaphikisayo babengabuthana khona becasha ngomqhudelwano ongenacala.. Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando UHaroldo Dilla, eminyakeni 70 y 80, Amakilabhu e-chess e-Havana asebenze njengendawo yokuhlangana yezihlakaniphi ezigxeka umbuso, abasebenzisa imidlalo ukuxoxa ngemibono eyenqatshelwe. i-chess, ngalo mqondo, kwaba a isingathekiso sikashwele: izwe lapho, nakuba uMbuso ubuqaphile, Abadlali bangahamba ngokukhululeka okuthile.

Kwe Ukhukhunathi waseJalimane, i-chess nayo idlale indima engaqondakali. Ngenkathi umbuso wawusebenzisa njengenkulumo-ze-ukukhuthaza abadlali be-Aryan bathanda Emanuel Lasker (naphezu kokuba ungumJuda) o Alexander Alekhine (owabhala izihloko ezimelene namaSemite ukuze athandeke kulabo abaphethe)-, emakamu okuhlushwa like Theresienstadt, iziboshwa zazihlela imiqhudelwano yomshoshaphansi. I-Chess yaba uhlobo lwe gcina isithunzi somuntu phakathi kokwesaba. Njengoba owasinda ebalisa UViktor Frankl encwadini yakhe Indoda efuna incazelo, le midlalo kwaba “impi yokulwa nokucekelwa phansi kobuntu”.

Ulimi olubethelwe lwezicucu: i-chess nokungavumelani kwezepolitiki

I-Chess yayingesona nje isiphephelo, kodwa futhi a ikhodi. Emibusweni lapho ukucwaninga kuqede noma yikuphi ukugxeka okuqondile, imidlalo ingadlulisa imiyalezo efihliwe. Isibonelo sepharadigmatic yileso sika UViktor Korchnoi, Umkhulu waseSoviet owahlubuka 1976 ngesikhathi somqhudelwano e-Holland. I-Korchnoi, umgxeki wombuso, wayekade eshushiswa ngenxa yokweseka kwakhe abaphikisa njenga Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Emidlalweni yakhe, ikakhulukazi duel yakhe ngokumelene Anatoly Karpov phakathi 1978 -kucatshangelwa “umdlalo wekhulu”-, abaningi babona ukungqubuzana okungokomfanekiso phakathi kwe-USSR neNtshonalanga. Konke umnyakazo we-Korchnoi awuzange uhlaziywe kuphela ngokubaluleka kwayo kweqhinga, kodwa ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwezombusazwe.

Ku I-Argentina ngesikhathi sobushiqela bezempi (1976-1983), I-Chess iphinde yasebenza njengolimi lokumelana. Umdlali UMiguel Najdorf, odabuka ePoland kanye nowasinda ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe, waba umuntu obalulekile. Najdorf, owayelahlekelwe umkhaya wakhe emakamu amaNazi, Wasebenzisa amandla akhe ukuvikela abadlali abasebancane ababeshushiswa umbuso. Ngokobufakazi obuqoqwe yintatheli Leontxo García, Emiqhudelwaneni ye-chess, imilayezo enekhodi yayishintshaniswa: i ukuvula like I-Sicilian Defense kungaba uphawu lokuxwayisa ngokuhlasela okuseduze, ngenkathi umdlalo osheshayo (i-blitz) esetshenziswa ukudlulisa ulwazi ngaphandle kokuveza izinsolo.

Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwe-chess njengethuluzi lokuxhumana eliyimfihlo kwakungekusha. Ngesikhathi se- French Revolution, abavukeli basebenzise imidlalo ukuhlela amasu, futhi kwe Impi ebandayo, I-CIA kanye ne-KGB baxhasa ngezimali abadlali abanjalo Bobby Fischer ngezinhloso zenkulumo-ze. Nokho, embusweni wobushiqela, lapho i-paranoia yombuso yayidlulele, i-chess ithole ubukhulu cishe izincwadi: yonke imnyakazo yayiyisingathekiso, umlingani ngamunye wokuhlola ukunqoba okungokomfanekiso phezu kwesistimu.

I-psychology ye-chess ezindaweni ezicindezelayo

Ngalé kwenani layo elingokomfanekiso, I-Chess inikeze izinzuzo ezibonakalayo ezingokwengqondo ezimweni zengcindezelo. Izifundo ezifana nalezo ze-neuroscientist Jordan Grafman baye babonisa ukuthi i-chess ivula izindawo zobuchopho ezihlobene ukuhlela, inkumbulo nokulawula imizwelo. Ezimweni lapho ukwesaba nokungaqiniseki kwakuhlala njalo, i-chess inikeze umuzwa wokulawula: ebhodini, imithetho yayicacile, imiphumela ebikezelwayo, futhi umdlali angalindela umnyakazo wesitha.

Kwe amajele ezepolitiki, Lesi sici besibalulekile. Ku IChile ngaphansi kwePinochet, iziboshwa like Luis Corvalan (umholi wamakhomanisi) Balandisa emibhalweni yabo ukuthi i-chess ibasize kanjani ukuthi bagcine ingqondo yabo iphilile. Corvalan, owachitha iminyaka ekamu lokuhlushwa Puchuncavi, uchaze imidlalo ngokuthi “i-oasis ogwadule lokuhlushwa”. I-Chess yayingaphazamisi nje kuphela, kodwa waqinisa ubuwena yeziboshwa: endaweni lapho benqatshelwe khona ubuntu babo, umdlalo wabakhumbuza ukuthi basacabanga izidalwa, ekwazi amasu nokusungula.

Kwe I-USSR ye-Stalinist, I-Chess yayiphinde ibe yi-valve yokuphunyuka yokukhungatheka okuhlangene. Ngesikhathi se- Ukwesaba Okukhulu (1936-1938), lapho izigidi zibulawa noma zithunyelwa eGulag, imiqhudelwano ye-chess iphindaphindekile. isazi-mlando Stephen Kotkin Uveza ukuthi lokhu kusabela esidingweni esingokwengqondo: ezweni lapho uHulumeni enquma khona ukuthi ubani ohlalayo nokuthi ubani oshonile, i-chess inikeze inkohliso ye-meritocracy. Ukuwina umdlalo kwakungenye yezindlela ezimbalwa isakhamuzi esingazibonakalisa ngazo ngaphandle kokuncika ekuvunyweni yiQembu..

Nokho, lesi siphephelo sasinemingcele. Emibusweni yobushiqela, ngisho ne-chess ingakhethwa ngokuhlanganyela. Kwe Mao's China, ngesikhathi se Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), Umdlalo wavalwa ngoba wawucatshangelwa “onxiwankulu”. Abadlali abangochwepheshe bashushiswa, kanye namabhodi, ibhujisiwe. Kuphela ngemva kokufa kukaMao, phakathi 1976, i-chess iphinde yavela njengophawu lokuvuleka. Lokhu emuva naphambili kuyakhombisa lokho, nakuba i-chess ingaba isenzo sokumelana, Amandla akhe ngaso sonke isikhathi ayencike esimweni sezombangazwe.

I-Chess njengefa lokumelana

Hoy, I-Chess isalokhu iwuphawu lwenkululeko emiphakathini esalwa nengcindezelo. Ku I-Iran, lapho abesifazane bebhekene nemikhawulo yokubamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni exubile, abadlali like Sara Khadem baye badelela izindinganiso ngokuncintisana ngaphandle kwe-hijab emiqhudelwaneni yamazwe ngamazwe. Ku I-Afghanistan ngaphansi kweTaliban, i-chess ivaliwe ezikoleni, kodwa intsha ikwenza ngasese, usebenzisa amabhodi adwetshwe ephepheni noma kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula.

Icala lakamuva yilelo lika I-Ukraine, lapho i-chess isiphenduke uphawu lokuqina ngesikhathi sempi. Abadlali bayathanda URuslan Ponomariov Bahlele imiqhudelwano emadolobheni aqhunyiswa ngamabhomu, ukusebenzisa imidlalo njengokwelashwa kwezingane ezixoshwa. Esimeni lapho udlame lomzimba lukhona yonke indawo, i-chess inikeza enye indlela: inkundla yempi lapho ubuhlakani, hhayi amandla anonya, nquma umphumela.

Lokhu kuphikelela kwe-chess njengethuluzi lokumelana akuyona into eyenzeka ngengozi. Ngokungafani nezinye izimpawu—njengomculo noma izincwadi—, chess yini jikelele futhi aziphelelwa yisikhathi. Akudingi ukuhumusha, Ayincikile kubuchwepheshe futhi ingenziwa noma kuphi, kusukela esigodlweni kuya esitokisini. Ngaphandle kwalokho, isakhiwo sayo kanambambili (blanco vs. i-negro, ukuhlasela vs. ukuzivikela) kwenza kube isingathekiso esiphelele somzabalazo phakathi kwenkululeko nengcindezelo.

Ngalo mqondo, i-chess idlula okudlalwayo ukuze ibe a isenzo sezepolitiki. Wonke umdlalo odlalwa kuhulumeni wobushiqela uyisimemezelo sokuthi, nasebumnyameni, ingqondo yomuntu isakhululekile. Njengoba imbongi yabhala UJorge Luis Borges - fan enkulu ye-chess-: “I-Chess ngumdlalo ongapheli, kodwa futhi yisibuko: kukhombisa ubuphakade bomzabalazo phakathi kokuhleleka nezinxushunxushu”. embusweni wobushiqela, lesosibuko siba yisikhali.

Iziphetho: ibhodi njengomsele othule

kuwo wonke umlando, i-chess ibonakale ingaphezu komdlalo: Kube yisiphephelo, ulimi, ukwelashwa kanye, phezu kwakho konke, uphawu lwekhono lomuntu elingenakunqotshwa lokumelana. embusweni wobushiqela, lapho inkululeko yayinqatshelwe khona, ibhodi 64 I-Casillas yaba i-microcosm lapho abantu bengasebenzisa ukuzimela kwabo, khuluma ngasese futhi ugcine isithunzi sakho. Ukusuka emakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi kuya emajele asePinochet, edabula emaqenjini ayimfihlo aseHavana, i-chess ibiwumsele othule wokulwa nengcindezelo.

Nokho, Amandla akhe awemi kuphela emandleni akhe okubekela inselele amandla, kodwa kweyakhe indawo yonke. I-Chess ayihlukanisi phakathi kwemibono, ubulili noma ubuzwe; imithetho yabo iyafana yonke indawo, nokwenza kwawo akudingi lutho ngaphandle kwemiqondo emibili ezimisele ukucabanga. Lobu lula buyenza ifinyeleleke, kodwa futhi kuyingozi emibusweni enegunya, abesaba noma iyiphi indawo lapho izakhamizi zingasebenzisa khona amandla azo ngaphandle kokugadwa.

Hoy, njengoba umhlaba ubhekene nezinhlobo ezintsha zokugunyazwa—kusuka ekuhlolweni kwedijithali kuye ekuhlolweni kwe-algorithmic—, i-chess isabalulekile. Hhayi njengesixazululo somlingo, kodwa njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi inkululeko ayidingi njalo ukumemeza noma imiboniso: ngezinye izikhathi, vele uhambise i-pawn. Esimweni lapho ulwazi olungalungile nokulawulwa komphakathi kungamathuluzi okubusa, i-chess ifundisa lelo qhinga, ukubekezela nokudala kuyizikhali ezinamandla. Njengoba esho Garry Kasparov, owayengumpetha womhlaba kanye nomphikisi waseRussia: “I-Chess iyi-gymnastics yengqondo, kodwa futhi kuwukuqeqesha impilo yonke. Ikufundisa ukuzicabangela wena, ukulindela imiphumela futhi ungayeki”.

Kafushane, chess embusweni wobushiqela kwakungeyona nje into yokuzilibazisa, kodwa isenzo sokumelana namasiko. Ifa lakhe liyaqhubeka kuyo yonke imidlalo edlalwa ngasese, emqhudelwaneni ngamunye ohlelwa ngaphansi kweso loMbuso, kuwo wonke umdlali, ngomnyakazo onesibindi, Uphonsele inselelo uhlelo engashongo lutho. Kungani, ekupheleni, Inkululeko ayinqotshwa njalo ngezinkemba noma izibhamu.: ngezinye izikhathi, Okudingayo ibhodi kanye nentando yokungayeki..