I-Chess kulawulo lobuzwilakhe: unyamezelo, inkululeko kunye nemvukelo cwaka

umdlalo wechess, ngaphezu komdlalo weqhinga, Ibe luphawu lokuchasa kwimbali yonke, ubukrelekrele nenkululeko kwiimeko zengcinezelo. Kulawulo lobuzwilakhe, apho ilizwi elibhaliweyo, ubugcisa kunye nokuchasa kwakujongwa okanye kutshutshiswe, ibhodi 64 UCasillas waba yindawo yokusabela ethe cwaka yengqondo. Akunjalo nje ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukucela umngeni ukucinga ngegunya, kodwa ngenxa, ngokubaluleka kwayo, I-Chess iquka imigaqo echasene nengcinezelo: ukuzimela komntu, ukwenza izigqibo ngokukhululekileyo kunye nokukwazi ukoyisa umchasi ngaphandle kokubhenela kubundlobongela obusemzimbeni. Eli nqaku liphonononga indlela i-chess eye yadlula ngayo imeko yayo njengento yokuzonwabisa ukuze ibe sisenzo semvukelo yokomfuziselo., ulwimi lwe-cipher lokuchasa kunye, kwezinye iimeko, isixhobo sokusinda ngokwasengqondweni kuluntu apho inkululeko yayibubunewunewu obungavumelekanga.

I-Chess njengendawo yokuzimela kwingcinezelo

Kulawulo lobuzwilakhe olufana nolo lwe UFrancisco Franco eSpain, Augusto Pinochet eChile o kwiSoviet Union phantsi kukaStalin, Ulawulo lukarhulumente lwandiselwa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi, ukusuka kwimfundo ukuya kwezolonwabo. Nangona kunjalo, I-chess inika intlantsi yokuzimela: umdlalo apho imithetho yayiyinto yonke, enganyanzeliswanga ngurhulumente, kunye nalapho umdlali anokusebenzisa i-arhente yakhe ngaphandle kwabameli. Ngokungafaniyo neminye imidlalo okanye imisebenzi yenkcubeko, I-Chess ayizange ifune iziseko ezingundoqo okanye iimvume zikarhulumente; Ekuphela kwento efunekayo yayiyibhodi kunye neengqondo ezimbini ezizimisele ukucela umngeni omnye komnye..

Kwi ICuba kaFidel Castro, Umzekelo, I-Chess yakhuthazwa ngokusemthethweni njengenxalenye ye “inkcubeko yenguqu”, kodwa kwakhona yaba yindawo apho abachasi babenokuhlanganisana phantsi kwesithunzi setumente engenabungozi.. Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali UHaroldo Dilla, kwiminyaka 70 y 80, Iiklabhu zeChess eHavana zasebenza njengendawo yokuhlangana yeenkcuba-buchopho ezigxeka urhulumente, abasebenzisa imidlalo ukuxoxa ngezimvo ezalelweyo. umdlalo wechess, ngale ndlela, yaba a isafobe sengqawule: umhlaba apho, nangona uRhulumente wayebeke iliso, Abadlali banokuhamba ngokuzimela okuthile.

Kwi Ikhokhonathi yaseJamani, I-chess nayo idlale indima engaqondakaliyo. Ngelixa urhulumente wasebenzisa njengepropaganda-ukukhuthaza abadlali be-Aryan bathanda Emanuel Lasker (nangona ungumYuda) o Alexander Alekhine (ababhala amanqaku achasene namaSemite ukuze bathandwe ngabo baphetheyo)-, kwiinkampu zoxinaniso ezifana Theresienstadt, amabanjwa aququzelela ukhuphiswano olufihlakeleyo. I-Chess yaba luhlobo lwe gcina isidima somntu phakathi koloyiko. Njengoko ixhoba libalisa UViktor Frankl kwincwadi yakhe Indoda efuna intsingiselo, le midlalo yaba “idabi lokulwa nokuphelisa ubuntu”.

Ulwimi olufihliweyo lwamaqhekeza: chess kunye nokungavisisani kwezopolitiko

Itshezi yayingeyondawo yokusabela kuphela, kodwa kwakhona a ikhowudi. Kwiinkqubo apho ucelo-mngeni luphelise nakuphi na ukugxekwa ngokuthe ngqo, imidlalo inokudlulisa imiyalezo efihliweyo. Umzekelo weparadigmatic ngulo UViktor Korchnoi, Umakhulu waseSoviet owathi waphumelela 1976 ngexesha letumente eHolland. Korchnoi, umgxeki onyanisekileyo wolawulo, waye watshutshiswa ngenxa yokuxhasa kwakhe abavukeli abafana Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Kwimidlalo yakhe, ngakumbi kwiduel yakhe ngokuchasene Anatoly Karpov kwi 1978 -kuqwalaselwa “umdlalo wenkulungwane”-, abaninzi babona ungquzulwano lokomfuziselo phakathi kweUSSR kunye neNtshona. Yonke into kaKorchnoi ayizange ihlalutywe kungekuphela nje ngexabiso layo lobuchule, kodwa ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwezopolitiko.

Kwi IArgentina ngexesha lolawulo lobuzwilakhe lomkhosi (1976-1983), I-Chess ikwasebenza njengolwimi oluxhathisayo. Umdlali UMiguel Najdorf, wemvelaphi yasePoland kunye nowasinda kwiHolocaust, waba ngumntu obalulekileyo. Najdorf, owaphulukana nentsapho yakhe kwiinkampu zamaNazi, Wasebenzisa impembelelo yakhe ukukhusela abadlali abancinci abatshutshiswa ngurhulumente. Ngokobungqina obuqokelelwe yintatheli Leontxo Garcia, Kwiitumente zechess, imiyalezo enekhowudi yatshintshwa: i ukuvula ngathi Ukhuselo lwaseSicilian inokuba luphawu lokulumkisa ngohlaselo oluzayo, ngelixa umdlalo okhawulezayo (qhwanyaza) isebenzele ukusasaza ulwazi ngaphandle kokuphakamisa izikrokro.

Oku kusetyenziswa kwechess njengesixhobo sokunxibelelana ngokufihlakeleyo bekungeyonto intsha. Ngexesha le Inguquko yesiFrentshi, abavukeli basebenzisa imidlalo ukucwangcisa amaqhinga, kwaye kwi Imfazwe ebandayo, I-CIA kunye ne-KGB baxhasa ngemali abadlali abafana UBobby Fischer ngeenjongo zepropaganda. Nangona kunjalo, kulawulo lobuzwilakhe, apho i-paranoia yombuso yayigqithise, ichess ifumene idimension phantse uncwadi: yonke intshukumo yayisisikweko, nganye checkmate uloyiso lokomfuziselo phezu inkqubo.

Ipsychology yechess kwiindawo ezicinezelayo

Ngaphezu kwexabiso layo lokomfuziselo, I-Chess ibonelele ngezibonelelo ezibambekayo zengqondo kwiimeko zengcinezelo. Izifundo ezifana nezo zenzululwazi yengqondo Jordan Grafman baye babonisa ukuba i-chess ivula iindawo zobuchopho ezinxulumene ne ukucwangcisa, inkumbulo kunye nokulawula iimvakalelo. Kwiindawo apho uloyiko kunye nokungaqiniseki kwakuhlala rhoqo, umdlalo wechess unike imvakalelo yokulawula: ebhodini, imithetho yayicacile, iziphumo eziqikelelweyo, kwaye umdlali unokuqikelela iintshukumo zelinye iqela.

Kwi iintolongo zezopolitiko, Lo mba wawubalulekile. Kwi IChile phantsi kwePinochet, amabanjwa afana Luis Corvalan (inkokeli yamakomanisi) Babalisa kwiinkumbulo zabo ngendlela umdlalo wechess owabanceda ngayo ukuba bagcine ingqondo yabo ephilileyo. Corvalan, owachitha iminyaka kwinkampu yoxinaniso Puchuncavi, ichaze imidlalo njenge “i-oasis kwintlango yentuthumbo”. I-Chess yayingaphazamisi nje kuphela, kodwa yomeleza isazisi amabanjwa: kwindawo apho bavinjwa ubuntu babo, umdlalo wabakhumbuza ukuba basacinga izidalwa, ekwaziyo ubuchule kunye nobuchule.

Kwi I-USSR yeStalinist, I-Chess yayikwayivalvu yokuphuncuka yonxunguphalo oluhlangeneyo. Ngexesha le Uloyiko olukhulu (1936-1938), xa izigidi zabulawa okanye zathunyelwa eGulag, iitumente zechess ziphindaphindekile. umbhali-mbali UStephen Kotkin Ubonisa ukuba oku kwasabela kwimfuno yengqondo: kwilizwe apho uRhulumente wenza isigqibo sokuba ngubani owayehlala nokuba ngubani owafayo, I-chess inika inkohliso ye-meritocracy. Ukuphumelela umdlalo yenye yeendlela ezimbalwa ummi anokuthi azibonakalise ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwintando yeQela..

Nangona kunjalo, le ndawo yokusabela yayinemida. Kulawulo lobuzwilakhe, nokuba ichess inokukhethwa. Kwi Mao's China, ngexesha le Revolution yeNkcubeko (1966-1976), Umdlalo wavalwa kuba wawuqwalaselwa “bourgeois”. Abadlali abaqeqeshiweyo batshutshiswa, kunye neebhodi, itshatyalalisiwe. Kuphela emva kokufa kukaMao, kwi 1976, ichess iphinde yavela njengophawu lokuvuleka. Oku emva naphambili kubonisa ukuba, nangona i-chess inokuba sisenzo sokuchasa, Amandla akhe ayesoloko exhomekeke kwimeko yezopolitiko.

I-Chess njengelifa lokuxhathisa

Hoy, I-Chess iseluphawu lwenkululeko kuluntu olusalwa nengcinezelo. Kwi Iran, apho abafazi bajongana nezithintelo zokuthatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano oluxubeneyo, abadlali abafana USara Khadem baye badelela imimiselo ngokukhuphisana ngaphandle kwe-hijab kwiitumente zamazwe ngamazwe. Kwi I-Afghanistan phantsi kweTaliban, umdlalo wechess uvaliwe ezikolweni, kodwa abantu abaselula baqhelisela oko emfihlekweni, usebenzisa iibhodi ezotywe ephepheni okanye ii-apps eziphathwayo.

Elona tyala lamva nje lelo Yukreyini, apho ichess iye yaba luphawu lokomelela ngexesha lemfazwe. Abadlali bayathanda URuslan Ponomariov Baye baququzelela iitumente kwizixeko eziqhushumbisiwe, ukusebenzisa imidlalo njengonyango lwabantwana abagxothiweyo. Kwimeko apho ugonyamelo lwasemzimbeni lukho kuyo yonke indawo, ichess inika enye indlela: indawo yedabi apho ubukrelekrele, hayi amandla akhohlakeleyo, isigqibo ngesiphumo.

Oku kuzingisa kwechess njengesixhobo sokuxhathisa akukho nto yazenzekela. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iisimboli—ezifana nomculo okanye uncwadi—, ichess yiyo jikelele kunye nexesha. Ayifuni nguqulelo, Ayixhomekanga kwitekhnoloji kwaye inokwenziwa naphi na, ukusuka kwibhotwe ukuya kwisisele. Ngaphandle koko, ubume bayo bokubini (blanco vs. negro, uhlaselo vs. ukhuselo) yenza isafobe esigqibeleleyo somzabalazo phakathi kwenkululeko nengcinezelo.

Ngaloo ndlela, I-chess idlula ekudlaleni ukuze ibe a isenzo sezopolitiko. Wonke umdlalo odlalwa kulawulo lobuzwilakhe sisibhengezo sokuba, nokuba kusebumnyameni, ingqondo yomntu isekhululekile. Njengoko imbongi yabhala UJorge Luis Borges -umlandeli omkhulu wechess-: “I-Chess ngumdlalo ongenasiphelo, kodwa ikwasisipili: ibonisa unaphakade womzabalazo phakathi kocwangco kunye nesiphithiphithi”. kulawulo lobuzwilakhe, eso sipili siba sisixhobo.

Izigqibo: ibhodi njengomsele cwaka

kuyo yonke imbali, I-chess ibonakalise ukuba ingaphezulu komdlalo: Iye yaba likhusi, ulwimi, unyango kunye, ngaphezu koko, isimboli sesakhono esingenakoyiswa somntu sokuxhathisa. kulawulo lobuzwilakhe, apho inkululeko yaba lilungelo elikhethekileyo, ibhodi 64 I-Casillas yaba yi-microcosm apho abantu banokusebenzisa ukuzimela kwabo, thetha ngokufihlakeleyo kwaye ugcine isidima sakho. Ukusuka kwiinkampu zoxinaniso zamaNazi ukuya kwiintolongo zasePinochet, Ukudlula kwiiklabhu ezifihlakeleyo zaseHavana, I-chess ibe ngumsele othe cwaka ngokuchasene nengcinezelo.

Nangona kunjalo, Amandla akhe akaxhomekekanga kumandla akhe kuphela, kodwa kweyakhe jikelele. I-Chess ayahluli phakathi kweengcamango, isini okanye izizwe; imithetho yabo iyafana yonke indawo, kunye nokwenza kwayo kufuna nto ngaphandle kweengqondo ezimbini ezizimisele ukucinga. Oku kulula kwenza ukuba ifikeleleke, kodwa kwakhona kuyingozi koorhulumente abangoozwilakhe, aboyika nayiphi na indawo apho abemi banokusebenzisa i-arhente yabo ngaphandle kokubekwa kweliso.

Hoy, njengoko ihlabathi lijongene neendlela ezintsha zolawulo-olusuka kucupho lwedijithali ukuya kwi-algorithmic censorship-, umdlalo wechess usabalulekile. Akunjalo njengesisombululo somlingo, kodwa njengesikhumbuzo sokuba inkululeko ayisoloko ifuna ukukhwaza okanye umboniso: ngamaxesha athile, susa nje i-pawn. Kwimeko apho ulwazi olungelulo kunye nolawulo lwentlalo zizixhobo zokulawula, ichess ifundisa eso sicwangciso, umonde kunye nobuchule zixhobo ezinamandla. Njengoko watshoyo UGarry Kasparov, owayesakuba yintshatsheli yehlabathi kunye nomchasi waseRashiya: “I-Chess yi-gymnastics yengqondo, kodwa ikwaluqeqesho lobomi. Ikufundisa ukuba uzicingele, ukulindela iziphumo kwaye ungayeki”.

Ekugqibeleni, i-chess kulawulo lobuzwilakhe yayingeyonto nje yokuzonwabisa, kodwa isenzo sokuchasa inkcubeko. Ilifa lakhe lihlala kuwo wonke umdlalo odlalwa ngasese, kwitumente nganye eququzelelwe phantsi kweliso loMbuso, kuye wonke umdlali, ngentshukumo enesibindi, Ucele umngeni kule nkqubo engakhange athethe nelimdaka. Ngoba, ekugqibeleni, Inkululeko ayisoloko yoyiswa ngamakrele okanye imipu.: ngamaxesha athile, Into oyifunayo yibhodi kunye nentando yokunganikezeli..