Chess mu maulamuliro ankhanza: chipiriro, ufulu ndi kupanduka kwachete

chess, kuposa masewera anzeru, Chakhala chizindikiro cha kukana m'mbiri yonse, luntha ndi ufulu muzochitika za kuponderezana. M'maulamuliro ankhanza, kumene mawu olembedwa, luso ndi kusagwirizana zidatsutsidwa kapena kuzunzidwa, bolodi 64 Casillas anakhala chete pothaŵirapo maganizo. Osati kokha chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kutsutsa malingaliro aulamuliro, koma chifukwa, m'malo mwake, Chess ili ndi mfundo zotsutsana ndi nkhanza: kudziyimira pawokha kwa munthu payekha, kupanga zisankho zaufulu ndi kuthekera kogonjetsa mdani popanda kuchita nkhanza zakuthupi. Nkhaniyi ikuwunika momwe chess idapitilira udindo wake ngati chisangalalo kuti ikhale kupanduka kophiphiritsa., chinenero cha cipher cha kukaniza ndi, nthawi zina, chida chopulumutsira m'maganizo m'madera momwe ufulu unali moyo wapamwamba woletsedwa.

Chess ngati malo odziyimira pawokha poponderezedwa

Mu maulamuliro ankhanza ngati aja Francisco Franco ku Spain, Augusto Pinochet ku Chile o Soviet Union pansi pa Stalin, Ulamuliro wa boma unafalikira kumadera onse a moyo, kuchokera ku maphunziro kupita ku zosangalatsa. Komabe, chess inapereka kuwala kwa kudziyimira pawokha: masewera pomwe malamulo anali onse, osakhazikitsidwa ndi boma, ndi komwe wosewera amatha kugwiritsa ntchito bungwe lake popanda amkhalapakati. Mosiyana ndi masewera ena kapena zochitika zachikhalidwe, Chess sichinkafuna zomangamanga zodula kapena zilolezo za boma; Zinangotengera gulu ndi malingaliro awiri okonzeka kutsutsa wina ndi mnzake..

Mu Fidel Castro ku Cuba, Mwachitsanzo, Chess idakwezedwa mwalamulo ngati gawo lamasewera “chikhalidwe chosintha”, koma idakhalanso malo omwe otsutsa amatha kusonkhana mobisala ngati mpikisano wopanda vuto.. Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri Haroldo Dilla, m'zaka 70 y 80, Makalabu a chess ku Havana adakhala ngati malo ochezera a anthu aluntha omwe amatsutsa boma, omwe adagwiritsa ntchito masewerawa kukambirana malingaliro oletsedwa. chess, m’lingaliro limeneli, anali a fanizo la parole: dziko kumene, ngakhale Boma linkayang’anira, Osewera amatha kuyenda ndi kudziyimira pawokha.

Mu Germany kokonati, chess nawonso adachita mbali yosadziwika bwino. Pomwe boma lidagwiritsa ntchito ngati zokopa-kulimbikitsa osewera a Aryan ngati Emanuel Lasker (ngakhale anali Myuda) o Alexander Alekhine (amene analemba nkhani zotsutsana ndi Ayuda pofuna kusangalatsa anthu amene ali ndi mphamvu)-, m'misasa yachibalo monga Theresienstadt, akaidi anakonza zikondwerero zachinsinsi. Chess inakhala mawonekedwe a kusunga ulemu wa munthu mkati mwa mantha. Monga momwe wopulumukayo adafotokozera Viktor Frankl m’buku lake Munthu wofunafuna tanthauzo, masewerawa anali “nkhondo yolimbana ndi kunyozetsa anthu”.

Chilankhulo chobisika cha zidutswazo: chess ndi kusagwirizana ndale

Chess sanali pothaŵirako chabe, komanso a kodi. Mu maulamuliro kumene kufufuza kunathetsa kutsutsa kulikonse kwachindunji, masewera amatha kutumiza mauthenga obisika. Chitsanzo cha paradigmatic ndi cha Viktor Korchnoi, Mkulu wa Soviet yemwe adatuluka 1976 pa mpikisano ku Holland. Korchnoi, wotsutsa mwamphamvu boma, adazunzidwa chifukwa chothandizira otsutsa monga Alexander Solzhenitsyn. M'masewera ake, makamaka mu duel yake motsutsana Anatoly Karpov mu 1978 - anaganiza “kufanana kwa zaka zana”-, ambiri adawona kulimbana kophiphiritsa pakati pa USSR ndi West. Kusuntha kulikonse kwa Korchnoi sikunawunikidwe chifukwa cha ukadaulo wake, koma chifukwa cha tanthauzo lake la ndale.

Mu Argentina pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wankhanza wa asilikali (1976-1983), Chess idagwiranso ntchito ngati chilankhulo chotsutsa. Wosewera Miguel Najdorf, wa ku Poland komanso wopulumuka ku Holocaust, adakhala munthu wofunikira. Najdorf, amene anataya banja lake m’misasa ya Nazi, Anagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake kuteteza osewera achichepere omwe akuzunzidwa ndi boma. Malinga ndi maumboni omwe adasonkhanitsidwa ndi mtolankhani Leontxo García, M'mipikisano ya chess, mauthenga a coded adasinthidwa: kutsegula ngati Chitetezo cha Sicilian ikhoza kukhala chizindikiro chochenjeza za kuukira komwe kukubwera, pamene masewera ofulumira (blitz) adatumiza uthenga popanda kukayikira.

Kugwiritsa ntchito chess ngati chida cholumikizirana mwachinsinsi sikunali kwachilendo. Pa nthawi ya French Revolution, osintha zinthu adagwiritsa ntchito masewera kukonza njira, ndi mu Nkhondo yozizira, CIA ndi KGB ndalama osewera ngati Bobby Fischer Zolinga za propaganda. Komabe, mu maulamuliro ankhanza, kumene paranoia ya boma inali yonyanyira, chess idapeza gawo pafupifupi mabuku: kuyenda kulikonse kunali fanizo, aliyense checkmate chigonjetso chophiphiritsa pa dongosolo.

Psychology ya chess m'malo opondereza

Kuposa mtengo wake wophiphiritsa, Chess idapereka zopindulitsa zenizeni zamaganizidwe pamikhalidwe yoponderezedwa. Maphunziro ngati a neuroscientist Jordan Grafman awonetsa kuti chess imayendetsa madera a ubongo okhudzana ndi kukonzekera, kukumbukira ndi kulamulira maganizo. M'madera omwe mantha ndi kusatsimikizika kunali kosalekeza, chess inapereka chidziwitso chowongolera: pa bolodi, malamulo anali omveka, zotsatira zodziwikiratu, ndipo wosewera akhoza kuyembekezera mayendedwe a mdaniyo.

Mu ndende zandale, Mbali imeneyi inali yofunika kwambiri. Mu Chile pansi pa Pinochet, akaidi ngati Luis Corvalan (mtsogoleri wachikomyunizimu) Adafotokoza m'makumbukidwe awo momwe chess idawathandizira kukhalabe amisala. Corvalan, amene anakhala zaka zambiri m’ndende yozunzirako anthu Puchuncavi, adalongosola masewerawo ngati “malo otsetsereka m'chipululu cha mazunzo”. Chess sanali kungosokoneza, koma kulimbikitsa chizindikiritso a akaidi: pamalo pomwe adakanidwa umunthu wawo, masewerawa adawakumbutsa kuti akuganizabe zolengedwa, wokhoza luso ndi zilandiridwenso.

Mu Stalinist USSR, Chess inalinso valavu yopulumukira yokhumudwitsa pamodzi. Pa nthawi ya Zowopsa Zazikulu (1936-1938), pamene mamiliyoni anaphedwa kapena kutumizidwa ku Gulag, masewera a chess achulukitsidwa. wolemba mbiri Stephen Kotkin Iye akunena kuti izi zinayankha chosoŵa chamaganizo: m’dziko limene Boma limasankha amene adzakhala ndi amene anamwalira, chess inapereka chinyengo cha meritocracy. Kupambana masewera inali imodzi mwa njira zochepa zomwe nzika zingadziwonetsere popanda kudalira chipani cha Party..

Komabe, pothaŵirako kumeneku kunali ndi malire. M'maulamuliro ankhanza, ngakhale chess ikhoza kuphatikizidwa. Mu China Mao, pa nthawi ya Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), Masewerawa adaletsedwa chifukwa adaganiziridwa “bourgeois”. Osewera akatswiri adazunzidwa, ndi matabwa, kuwonongedwa. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mao, mu 1976, chess idatulukiranso ngati chizindikiro cha kumasuka. Izi mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo zikuwonetsa izo, ngakhale chess ikhoza kukhala yotsutsa, Mphamvu zake nthawi zonse zinkadalira pa ndale.

Chess ngati cholowa cha kukana

Hoyi, Chess imakhalabe chizindikiro cha ufulu m'madera omwe akulimbanabe ndi kuponderezana. Mu Iran, kumene amayi amakumana ndi zoletsa kutenga nawo mbali m'mipikisano yosakanikirana, osewera ngati Sara Khadem aphwanya malamulo popikisana popanda hijab pamipikisano yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mu Afghanistan pansi pa a Taliban, chess yaletsedwa m'masukulu, koma achinyamata amazichita mobisa, pogwiritsa ntchito mapepala ojambulidwa pamapepala kapena mapulogalamu a m'manja.

Mlandu waposachedwa kwambiri ndi wa Ukraine, kumene chess yakhala chizindikiro cha kulimba mtima pankhondo. Osewera amakonda Ruslan Ponomariov Iwo akonza zikondwerero m’mizinda yophulitsidwa ndi mabomba, kugwiritsa ntchito masewera ngati chithandizo kwa ana othawa kwawo. M'nthawi yomwe nkhanza zakuthupi zimapezeka ponseponse, chess imapereka njira ina: bwalo lankhondo kumene nzeru, osati mphamvu yankhanza, sankhani zotsatira.

Kulimbikira kwa chess uku ngati chida chotsutsa sizongochitika mwangozi. Mosiyana ndi zizindikiro zina-monga nyimbo kapena mabuku-, chess ndi chilengedwe chonse komanso chosatha. Sikufuna kumasulira, Sizidalira ukadaulo ndipo zitha kuchitidwa kulikonse, kuchokera ku nyumba yachifumu kupita ku selo. Komanso, kapangidwe kake bayinare (blanco vs. negro, attack vs. chitetezo) chimapanga fanizo labwino kwambiri la kulimbana pakati pa ufulu ndi kuponderezana.

M’lingaliro limeneli, chess imadutsa kusewera kukhala a ndale. Masewera aliwonse omwe amaseweredwa muulamuliro waulamuliro ndi chilengezo chomwe, ngakhale mumdima, maganizo a munthu akadali mfulu. Monga wolemba ndakatulo adalemba Jorge Luis Borges - wokonda chess wamkulu-: “Chess ndi masewera opanda malire, koma ndi kalilole: zimasonyeza muyaya wa kulimbana pakati pa dongosolo ndi chisokonezo”. mu maulamuliro ankhanza, kalilole ameneyo amakhala chida.

Mapeto: bolodi ngati ngalande chete

m’mbiri yonse, chess yatsimikizira kukhala yochulukirapo kuposa masewera: Lakhala pothaŵirapo, chinenero, therapy ndi, pamwamba pa zonse, chizindikiro cha mphamvu yosagonjetseka ya munthu yokana. mu maulamuliro ankhanza, kumene ufulu unali mwayi wolandidwa, bolodi 64 Casillas anakhala microcosm kumene anthu akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo, lankhulani mobisa ndi kusunga ulemu wanu. Kuchokera kundende zozunzirako anthu za Nazi kupita kundende za Pinochet, kudutsa m'magulu achinsinsi a Havana, chess yakhala ngati njira yolimbana ndi kuponderezana.

Komabe, Mphamvu zake sizimangokhalira kutsutsa mphamvu, koma mwa iye chilengedwe chonse. Chess sichisiyanitsa pakati pa malingaliro, amuna kapena akazi kapena mafuko; malamulo awo ndi ofanana paliponse, ndipo mchitidwe wake umafuna china koma maganizo awiri okonzeka kuganiza. Kuphweka kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti zitheke, komanso zowopsa kwa maulamuliro aulamuliro, omwe amaopa malo aliwonse omwe nzika zingagwiritse ntchito bungwe lawo popanda kuyang'aniridwa.

Hoyi, pamene dziko likuyang'anizana ndi mitundu yatsopano yaulamuliro-kuchokera pakuwunika kwa digito mpaka kuwunika kwa algorithmic, chess ikadali yofunika. Osati ngati njira yamatsenga, koma monga chikumbutso kuti ufulu sufuna nthawi zonse kufuula kapena ziwonetsero: nthawi zina, ingosunthani chopondera. M'malo omwe chidziwitso cholakwika ndi kuwongolera anthu ndi zida zolamulira, chess imaphunzitsa njira imeneyo, kuleza mtima ndi kulenga ndi zida zamphamvu. Monga adanenera Garry Kasparov, wakale ngwazi padziko lonse ndi Russian wotsutsa: “Chess ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi amalingaliro, koma ndi maphunziro a moyo. Zimakuphunzitsani kudziganizira nokha, kuyembekezera zotsatira ndipo osataya mtima”.

Mwachidule, chess muulamuliro wankhanza sichinali chosangalatsa chabe, koma mchitidwe wotsutsa chikhalidwe. Cholowa chake chimakhalabe mumasewera aliwonse omwe amaseweredwa mobisa, mumpikisano uliwonse wokonzedwa moyang'aniridwa ndi Boma, mu player aliyense, ndi kusuntha kolimba mtima, Adatsutsa dongosololi osanena chilichonse. Chifukwa chiyani?, Pomaliza pake, Sikuti nthawi zonse ufulu umagonjetsedwa ndi malupanga kapena mfuti.: nthawi zina, Zomwe mukufunikira ndi bolodi ndi kufuna kuti musataye mtima..