Kungani iSonto lavala i-chess ngeNkathi Ephakathi

i-chess, umdlalo namuhla osufana neqhinga, ubuhlakani kanye nemidlalo yengqondo, Ayizange ijabulele ukwamukelwa emhlabeni wonke enakho namuhla.. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, Lokhu kuzilibazisa komsuka wasempumalanga kwazithola kuyisizinda sezimpikiswano ezishubile zokuziphatha, ezenkolo nezenhlalo okuholele ekuvinjweni kwayo izikhathi eziningi. Kungani igeyimu ebonakala ingenacala yavusa impikiswano engaka? Yikuphi ukwesaba nokucwasa okwakufihlwe ngemva kokulahlwa amasonto nemithetho yezwe?? Ngaphandle kokuzijabulisa okulula, i-chess yaba uphawu lokungezwani okujulile: umzabalazo phakathi kokungcebeleka nobuhle, umthelela wamasiko angaphandle kanye namandla eBandla okubumba amasiko omphakathi.

Kulesi sihloko, Sizohlola izizathu zokuvinjelwa kwe-chess eYurophu ephakathi, ukwembula izimpikiswano zenkolo, kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe okwaholela ekuhlolweni kwakhe. Sizohlaziya indlela lo mdlalo, eyafika eNtshonalanga ngama-Arabhu, Yabekela inselele imikhuba emisiwe futhi yaba inkomba yokungqubuzana kwamasiko yangaleso sikhathi. Ukusuka ekugxekeni kusuka kubefundisi kuya ekuvinjweni kwasebukhosini, ehamba ngokuhlangana kwayo nobubi nokuhlubuka, Sizothola ukuthi kungani i-chess ibonwa njengosongo nokuthi kanjani, okwamanje, ukwazile ukusinda nokuguqukela emdlalweni esiwaziyo namuhla.

I-Chess iza eYurophu: umdlalo womsuka oyimpikiswano

I-Chess ayizalelwanga eYurophu, kodwa eNdiya cishe ngekhulu lesi-6, ngaphansi kwegama lika Chaturanga, umdlalo olingisa izimpi phakathi kwezigaba ezine zamasosha. Lapho, lanwetshwa ePheresiya, lapho elamukela khona igama shatranj futhi yathuthukisa imithetho eminingi esekhona. Ngokusabalala kwe-Islam, umdlalo wafinyelela eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia ngekhulu le-10, yethulwa ama-Arabhu, owasakaza kuyo yonke iYurophu eseningizimu. Lokhu umsuka empumalanga kakade elakhiwe ukungamethembi a Christian Europe ukuthi, ngemva kweziMpi Zenkolo, Wayebheka konke okuhlobene nezwe lamaSulumane ngokusola..

Nokho, i-chess yayingewona nje umdlalo wempi; Kwaphinde kwakhombisa isiko elalisabalalisa. Ama-Arabhu ayekubheka njengethuluzi lokuthuthukisa ubuhlakani, ukubekezela namasu, amanani aphikisana nesimo sengqondo saseYurophu senkathi ephakathi, egxile kakhulu okholweni nasekuzithobeni kuNkulunkulu kunasekucabangeni okunengqondo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-chess yayidlalwa ezindaweni zomphakathi, njengezikwele namathaveni, lapho abantu bezigaba ezahlukene zomphakathi bexubene, into iBandla neziphathimandla zezwe ezaziyibuka ngeso elibi. Ukuhlotshaniswa komdlalo nomhlaba wamaSulumane kanye nokwenza kwawo ezindaweni ezicatshangelwayo “kuyingozi” wabeka isisekelo sokukholelwa kwakhe esikhathini esizayo.

ISonto kanye chess: ukungqubuzana phakathi kokholo nokucabanga

Ukuphikiswa okuyinhloko kwe-chess ngeNkathi Ephakathi kwavela eSontweni LamaKatolika, ababekubheka njengesiphazamiso esiyisono nosongo ekuziphatheni kobuKristu. Abefundisi baphikisa ngokuthi ukugembula kukhuthaza ukungenzi lutho, vice ukuthi, ngokwemfundiso yenkathi ephakathi, waqhelelanisa abathembekile nomthandazo nomsebenzi. Saint Peter Damian, ukhadinali onethonya wekhulu le-11, Ube ngomunye wabokuqala ukugxeka umdlalo we-chess, ukuyibiza “ukusungulwa kukasathane” futhi uyiqhathanise nemidlalo yamathuba, ezazivele zenqatshelwe yiBandla. Ku-Damian, I-chess ayigcini nje ngokuphazamisa amakholwa emisebenzini yawo yokomoya, kodwa futhi wakhuthaza okuyize nokuncintisana ngokweqile, izindinganiso eziphambene nokuthobeka kobuKristu.

Kodwa ukugxeka kwabefundisi kwadlulela ngalé kokuziphatha. i-chess, ngokugcizelela kwawo isu nokucabanga okunengqondo, yayimelela inselele ezimfundisweni zenkolo. Ngesikhathi lapho iBandla lalilawula ulwazi nemfundo, umdlalo odinga ukucabanga okuzimele ungabonakala njengosongo kuhlelo olumisiwe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, I-Chess yayihlotshaniswa nokubhula ngezinkanyezi nokubhula, imikhuba iBandla elaliyibheka njengeyimbuka. Abanye abefundisi baze bakholelwa ukuthi ibhodi 64 U-Casillas wayehlobene nomlingo omnyama, kusukela inombolo 64 kwacatshangelwa “Hewu” ngokuxhumeka kwayo nesikwele somlingo samaPythagoreans.

Akubona bonke abantu benkolo ababenawo lo mbono.. ezinye izindela, njengo-Abbot Odo waseCluny, Babevikela i-chess njengethuluzi lokufundisa isiyalo nokubekezela, inqobo nje uma idlalwe ngokulinganisela. Nokho, La mazwi ayeyingcosana uma eqhathaniswa nesikhundla esisemthethweni seBandla, lokho eMkhandlwini waseParis 1212 ukugembula okunqatshelwe ngokusobala ngabefundisi, ngaphansi kwesijeziso sokuxoshwa esontweni. Lokhu kwenqatshelwa kwabeka isibonelo esathonya imithetho yezwe yangaleso sikhathi..

Ukuvinjelwa kwasebukhosini kanye nokwenza kube semthethweni kwe-chess

Ukulahlwa kwe-chess kwabefundisi kwaba nomthelela oqondile emithethweni yemibuso yaseYurophu. Phakathi nekhulu le-12 nele-13, amakhosi amaningana akhipha iziyalezo ezenqabela noma ezibekela imingcele ukwenza kwawo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezikhulu namasosha. Ku 1195, Inkosi u-Alfonso X waseCastile, emsebenzini wakhe incwadi yemidlalo, ifake i-chess njengomunye wemidlalo evunyelwe, kodwa ngezixwayiso mayelana nokusebenzisa ngokweqile. Nokho, abanye ababusi babenesandla esiqinile. Ku 1254, Inkosi yaseFrance uLouis IX, eyaziwa ngokuzinikela kwakhe, wavala i-chess embusweni wakhe wonke, bephikisa ngokuthi yayiphazamisa amaqhawe emisebenzini yawo yezempi neyenkolo.

Ukwenza ubugebengu be-chess kungagcini nje eFrance. ENgilandi, INkosi u-Edward I yasungulwa 1275 umthetho owenqabela imidlalo yebhodi, kuhlanganise chess, kuma-artisan nabalimi, ngaphansi kwempikiswano yokuthi lezi zinto zokuzilibazisa ziphazamise ukukhiqiza kwazo. Umqondo walokhu kuvinjelwa wawucacile: i-chess, kube umdlalo odinga isikhathi nokugxilisa ingqondo, kungaphambukisa abantu emsebenzini wabo nasezibophweni zabo zomphakathi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Umkhuba wawo emathaveni nakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi wawuhambisana nokudakwa, ukugembula nokuxega, okwaqinisa umbono wokuthi kwakuyisenzo esibi esiyingozi.

Kuyathakazelisa, Le mithetho evimbelayo yayingaphoqelelwa ngokuqinile ngaso sonke isikhathi.. Izikhulu namakhosi amaningi, kuhlanganise noLouis IX, Babengabadlali be-chess abashisekayo, okwadala ukungqubuzana phakathi komthetho nokusebenza. Lokhu kuzenzisa kubonisa enye yezimpicabadala zeNkathi Ephakathi.: kuyilapho iziphathimandla ziwugxeka lo mdlalo esidlangalaleni, ngasese babekujabulela njengendlela yokuzijabulisa nokuqeqeshwa kwengqondo. Lokhu okubili kube nomthelela, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuvinjelwa kuzoxegiswa, ikakhulukazi lapho i-chess iqala ukubonakala njengethuluzi lokufundisa izicukuthwane.

I-Chess njengophawu lokumelana namasiko

Naphezu kokuvinjelwa, I-Chess ayizange iphele ngokuphelele eYurophu. Ukuphikelela kwakhe kwakufanele, ngokwengxenye, emandleni abo okuzivumelanisa nezinguquko zamasiko nezenhlalo. Phakathi nekhulu le-14 nele-15, umdlalo waqala ukuhlotshaniswa ne-chivalry kanye nezicukuthwane, sibe wuphawu lwesimo nokucwengwa. Izincwadi ze-chess, njengaye incwadi yemidlalo ngu-Alfonso, yasiza ekwenzeni umkhuba wayo ube semthethweni phakathi kwezikhulu, ukwethula njengomsebenzi ofanele amakhosi namaqhawe.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-chess yaba ibhuloho phakathi kwamasiko. Njengoba iYurophu yavula iRenaissance, umdlalo wamukelwa ama-humanists kanye nezifundiswa, owakubona njengethuluzi lokuthuthukisa ukucabanga okujulile. Amanani afana nembongi yase-Italy uDante Alighieri ekhulume nge-chess emisebenzini yabo, ukuyinikeza indawo ezincwadini namasiko athandwayo. NeBandla laqala ukuthambisa isimo salo: ekhulwini le-15, UPapa Innocent VIII wavumela abefundisi ukuthi badlale i-chess, inqobo nje uma bekwenza ngokulinganisela futhi ngaphandle kokubheja.

Ukuqina kwe-Chess kwakungenxa yekhono layo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, umdlalo wenze izinguquko ezibalulekile emithethweni yawo, njengokwethulwa kwe-castling kanye nokunyakaza kwendlovukazi, lokho kwakwenza kwaba namandla futhi kube namasu. Lezi zinguquko zabonisa ukuguqulwa komphakathi waseYurophu, leyo mfundiso kancane kancane yashiya inkolelo-ze yenkathi ephakathi ukuze yamukele isimo sengqondo esinengqondo nesivuleleke kakhudlwana. i-chess, ngalo mqondo, akusindanga nje kuphela ekuvinjelweni, kodwa yaba uphawu lokumelana namasiko ngokumelene nokucindezelwa kwezenkolo nezombusazwe.

Iziphetho: chess njengesibuko seNkathi Ephakathi

Ukuvinjelwa kwe-chess ngeNkathi Ephakathi kwakungesona isenzakalo esingavamile, kodwa umphumela wochungechunge lokungezwani kwamasiko, ezenkolo nezenhlalo ezichaza inkathi. Kusukela ekufikeni kwayo e-Europe njengomdlalo wemvelaphi yamaSulumane kuya ekuhlotshaneni kwawo nobubi nokuhlubuka, i-chess yaba i-scapegoat kuziphathimandla zezenkolo nezezwe, owabona kuye usongo kuhlelo olumisiwe. Nokho, Ukuphikelela kwayo nokwamukelwa kwayo ekugcineni kwembula okuningi ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo komphakathi wangeNkathi Ephakathi..

I-Chess yavalwa ngoba imele yonke into iBandla nababusi ababeyesaba.: ithonya lamasiko angaphandle, ukuphazamiseka emisebenzini yezenkolo nasemsebenzini, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokucabanga okuzimele. Kodwa futhi kwaba umdlalo ukuthi, naphezu kokuvinjelwa, ukwazile ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi uphile, ekubeni uphawu lokumelana noshintsho. Umlando wayo ubonisa umzabalazo phakathi kwenkolelo-mbono nokucabanga, phakathi kokulawula nenkululeko, eyayiphawula iNkathi Ephakathi.

Hoy, I-Chess ibungazwa njengomdlalo wobuhlakani namasu, Kodwa inkathi yayo yangenkathi ephakathi isikhumbuza ukuthi ngisho nemisebenzi engenacala ingaba umthombo wokungqubuzana lapho ingqubuzana nezinkambiso zomphakathi.. Ukuvinjelwa kwe-chess kwakungewona nje umbuzo wokuziphatha, kodwa ukubonakaliswa kokwesaba nokucwasa kwenkathi. Ngokuqonda lezi zizathu, singabonga hhayi kuphela umlando we-chess, kodwa futhi inkimbinkimbi umphakathi ukuthi, nakuba ngokuvamile yethulwa njenge-homogeneous, Bekugcwele ukuphikisana nokushuba.