I-Chess njengolimi oluyimfihlo lwe-global elite

Ezweni lapho izinqumo zezombusazwe, ezomnotho nezenhlalakahle zibonakala zithathwa emahholo ombuso angafinyeleleki, kuphakama umbuzo ophazamisayo: Ingabe likhona iqembu elikhethiwe lokho, kusukela emthunzini, lungisa ikusasa lomhlaba ngokusebenzisa i-chess? Umqondo we-a “imfihlo chess club” lapho kunqunywa khona iziqondiso zeplanethi akukusha, kodwa ithola amandla lapho kuhlaziywa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezibalo ezinethonya, amasu e-geopolitical kanye nezimpawu zakudala zalo mdlalo. Ngaphandle kwenganekwane, kukhona izinkomba zomlando, Amaphethini okuziphatha kanye nemibono ephakamisa ukuthi i-chess ingaba ngaphezu kokuzilibazisa: ulimi olunekhodi lwabadala. Kulesi sihloko, Sizohlola umsuka walo mbono, ubufakazi obusekelayo, izindlela ezicashile zokwenziwa kwayo kanye nemithelela ebingaba nayo emphakathini uma ikilabhu enjalo ibikhona.

I-Chess njengethuluzi lamandla: ngaphezu komdlalo

I-Chess akuwona nje umdlalo wengqondo; Kuwuhlelo lokucabanga osekungamakhulu eminyaka lusetshenziswa ukufundisa amasu, ukubekezela nombono wesikhathi eside. Umsuka wayo uhlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-6 eNdiya, lapho *i-chaturanga* isebenze njengesilingisi sempi samakhosi nojenene. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umdlalo wanda waya ePheresiya, umhlaba wama-Arabhu naseYurophu, ukuzivumelanisa nesiko ngalinye kodwa sigcine ingqikithi yalo: ukumelwa kokungqubuzana lapho ucezu ngalunye lunendima ethile futhi ukunqoba kuncike ekulindeleni umnyakazo wesitha.

Abambalwa abakwaziyo yilokho, kusukela ngeNkathi Ephakathi, i-chess ixhunywe kwimibuthano yamandla. Enkantolo yamakhosi aseYurophu, njenge UPhilip II waseSpain o Louis XIV waseFrance, Ukudlala i-chess kwakuwumsebenzi obekelwe izicukuthwane nabeluleki babo abaseduze kakhulu.. Bekungekona nje ezokuzijabulisa., kodwa kunalokho umsebenzi wokuthatha izinqumo ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Imibhalo yomlando, njengezincwadi zenxusa laseVenice Marino Sanuto, chaza ukuthi ababusi basebenzise kanjani ibhodi ukuxoxa ngemifelandawonye nezimpi ngaphandle kokuveza izinsolo.

Ngekhulu lama-20, Lokhu kuxhumana kwabonakala nakakhulu. Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, I-Chess yaba inkundla yempi engokomfanekiso phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union. I-duel phakathi Bobby Fischer y U-Boris Spassky phakathi 1972 Bekungewona nje umqhudelwano womhlaba, kodwa ukungqubuzana kwemibono lapho umnyakazo ngamunye ebhodini ubonisa ukungezwani kwezwe. Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando UDavid Shenk, umbhali we “Umdlalo Ongafi”, “I-Chess yayiyisingathekiso esiphelele seMpi Yomshoshaphansi: amandla amakhulu amabili okulinganisa amandla endaweni elawulwayo, lapho wonke amaphutha angaba nemiphumela yomhlaba wonke”.

Kodwa, kungani chess hhayi omunye umdlalo? Impendulo ilele ekwakhekeni kwayo. Ngokungafani ne-poker, lapho ithuba lidlala indima ebalulekile, noma i-ajedrez egobile (*xiangqi*), enemithetho eminingi yendawo, i-western chess iyindawo yonke. Ulimi lwakhe lucacile: ucezu ngalunye lunenani nomsebenzi, futhi ukunqoba kuncike emandleni okubona kusengaphambili izimo eziningi. Lokhu kwenza kube uhlelo oluhle lokuxoxisana ngamasu ayinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuveza izinhloso ezisobala.. Njengoba uthisha omkhulu esho Garry Kasparov: “I-Chess iyimpilo encane. Uma uqonda ibhodi, uyawuqonda umhlaba”.

Izimpawu zeqembu eliyimfihlo: ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-chess kanye ne-global elites

Umbono wokuthi iqembu elikhethiwe lisebenzisa i-chess ukwenza izinqumo zomhlaba wonke awutholakali uma uhlaziya ukuxhumana phakathi kwabadlali abasezingeni eliphezulu., izikhulu nabaholi bezombangazwe. Elinye lamacala abhalwe phansi kakhulu yilelo lika Iqembu le-Bilderberg, umbuthano waminyaka yonke wezibalo ezinethonya, ngokusho kwabamgxekayo, ixoxa ngezindaba ezibalulekile zekusasa lomhlaba. Into exakayo ukuthi, phakathi kwabasizi bakhe, Kukhona ubukhona obuphawulekayo babadlali be-chess nabathandi bomdlalo.

Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi 2016, owayeyi-CEO ye-Google ngaleso sikhathi, U-Eric Schmidt, ubambe iqhaza kumdlalo we-chess obukhoma ngesikhathi senkomfa yobuchwepheshe. Schmidt, owaziwa ngokuthanda kwakhe ukugembula, Uveze ezingxoxweni ukuthi i-chess imfundise yona “cabanga ezinhlelweni” kakade “lindela umnyakazo wezimbangi”. Elinye icala yilelo lika Peter Thiel, umsunguli we-PayPal futhi omunye wabatshalizimali abanethonya eSilicon Valley, oxhase ngezimali imiqhudelwano ye-chess futhi wazwakalisa ukuthakasela ikhono lomdlalo lokuthuthukisa ukucabanga kwamasu. Thiel, ngaphandle kwalokho, uyilunga le Ikomiti eqonisa izinto del Club Bilderberg.

Kodwa ukuxhumana kudlula ubuchwepheshe. Emkhakheni wepolitiki, izibalo like UHenry Kissinger -umklami wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseMelika ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi-baye baqaphela ukubaluleka kwe-chess njengethuluzi lokuxoxisana.. encwadini yakhe “I-diplomacy”, U-Kissinger uqhathanisa ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe nomdlalo we-chess, lapho ukunyakaza ngakunye kufanele kubalwe ngokusekelwe ezimpendulweni ezingaba khona zomphikisi. Empeleni, UKissinger uyaziwa ukuthi udlale imidlalo nabaholi abafana UMikhail Gorbachev y Anwar Sadat, hhayi nje njengento yokuzilibazisa, kodwa njengendlela yokusungula ukwethenjwa kanye namasu okuhlola endaweni engathathi hlangothi.

Omunye umkhondo uqhamuka emiqhudelwaneni ye-chess exhaswe izinkampani ezinkulu.. Izinkampani ezifana I-Gazprom, I-Renaissance Technologies (i-hedge fund ephumelele kakhulu emhlabeni) y JPMorgan Chase Batshale izigidi emicimbini ye-chess. Ngoba? Ngokusho kwesazi somnotho Nassim Nicholas Taleb, “I-Chess iheha abantu abacabanga ngokwamathuba nezingozi, okuthile okubalulekile ezimakethe zezimali”. Kodwa kukhona inkolelo-mbono emnyama: Le miqhudelwano ingasebenza njengendawo yokuhlangana yabantu abangobani, ngaphansi kwesicabha somcimbi wezemidlalo, Baxoxa ngezihloko ezibucayi ngaphandle kokudonsa ukunaka.

Isibonelo esiphathekayo yi- I-Linares Chess Tournament, ebanjelwe eSpain phakathi 1978 y 2010. Lo mcimbi, kucatshangelwe i “Wimbledon of chess”, uxhaswe ngumabhange Luis Rentero, owayenobudlelwane namabhange omhlaba kanye nezwe lezombusazwe. Ngokusho kwentatheli Leontxo García, “I-Linares bekungewona nje umqhudelwano, Kwakuyindawo lapho izithakazelo zezomnotho nezendawo yezepolitiki zazihlangana khona”. Ngesinye isikhathi, owayengumongameli weBhange Lomhlaba ngaleso sikhathi, UJames Wolfensohn, ubekhona njengesivakashi esikhethekile futhi wadlala umdlalo nengqwele UVladimir Kramnik. Ukuqondana noma uphawu lokuthi i-chess iyibhuloho phakathi kwamandla ezezimali nawepolitiki?

Ulimi olufihliwe lwe-chess: amakhodi kanye nezimpawu ekuthathweni kwezinqumo

Uma i-chess isetshenziswa njengethuluzi yi-elites, baxhumana kanjani ngayo? Impendulo ingaba ku- amakhodi angokomfanekiso ukuthi umdlalo uyakuvumela. Ngokungafani nengxoxo eqondile, lapho izinhloso zisobala, i-chess inikeza uhlelo lokuxhumana olungaqondile, lapho yonke inhlangano ingadlulisa umlayezo ngaphandle kwesidingo samagama.

Isibonelo esingokomlando siwukuthi Umdlalo Wekhulu Leminyaka kwe 1972 phakathi kukaFischer noSpassky. Ngesikhathi somdlalo, Fischer realizó movimientos poco convencionales, como sacrificar un peón en la apertura, algo que los analistas interpretaron como una provocación. Nokho, algunos historiadores sugieren que estos movimientos podrían haber sido una forma de enviar señales a terceros. Ngokusho kombhali Fred Waitzkin, umbhali we “Isesha u-Bobby Fischer”, “Fischer no solo jugaba contra Spassky, sino que estaba comunicando algo a la CIA, a la KGB o incluso a Wall Street”.

Este tipo de comunicación no es exclusivo del ajedrez. En la diplomacia, se han utilizado juegos de mesa como el hamba noma i bridge para discutir temas sensibles. Pero el ajedrez tiene una ventaja: su estructura jerárquica. Cada pieza representa un rol específico (el rey como figura central, la reina como poder móvil, los peones como recursos sacrificables), okuvumela ukulingisa izimo zangempela. Ngokwesibonelo, Umnikelo we-rook ungahunyushwa njengokuzimisela ukuyeka impahla ebalulekile ukuze uthole inzuzo yesikhathi eside..

Esinye isici esibalulekile yi- isikhathi. ku-chess, iwashi libeka ijubane lomdlalo, futhi umdlali ngamunye kufanele asiphathe kahle isikhathi sakhe. Lokhu kukhombisa ingcindezi abaholi bomhlaba abasebenza ngaphansi kwayo., lapho izinqumo kufanele zithathwe phakathi nezikhathi eziqinile. Ku 1984, ngesikhathi se I-World Chess Championship phakathi Anatoly Karpov y Garry Kasparov, Umdlalo umisiwe ngemuva kwalokho 48 imidlalo ngaphandle komnqobi ocacile. Abanye abahlaziyi baphakamise ukuthi lokhu kunwetshwa kwakuwumfanekiso weMpi Yomshoshaphansi emile., lapho kungekho khona amandla amakhulu ayenganqoba omunye.

Kodwa umfanekiso udlula izingcezu nesikhathi. Ibhodi ngokwalo lingaba ukumelela umhlaba. Emcabangweni we i-geopolitical chess, ehlongozwa ngusomaqhinga UZbigniew Brzezinski, Isikwele ngasinye ebhodini simele izwe noma isifunda, futhi ukunyakaza kubonisa imifelandawonye nezingxabano. E-Brzezinski, umeluleki wezokuphepha kuzwelonke UJimmy Carter, waphikisa lokho “umhlaba uyibhodi le-chess, futhi amandla amakhulu kufanele alindele ukunyakaza kwezitha zabo ukugcina ukulingana”. Lo mbono wamukelwe ama- think tanks afana ne UMkhandlu Wezobudlelwano Nangaphandle, lapho kusetshenziswa ukulingisa kwe-chess ukuhlaziya izinkinga zamazwe ngamazwe.

Ingabe lolu phawu lungadlulela eklabhu eyimfihlo? Kuyazwakala. Uma iqembu elite lisebenzisa i-chess ukuxoxa ngamasu, Umdlalo ngamunye ungaba umfanekiso omncane wokungqubuzana kwangempela. Ukunyakaza okunonya kwendlovukazi kungase kufanekisela ukungenela kwezempi, ngenkathi i-castling (umnyakazo wokuzivikela) ingakhombisa inhloso yokuvikela intshisekelo yezomnotho. Into ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi, ukuba umdlalo, Lezi zingxoxo zingahlelwa njengemidlalo elula, kanjalo sigwema noma yikuphi ukubhaliswa okusemthethweni.

Imithelela yeqembu eliyimfihlo: ukulawulwa komhlaba wonke noma i-paranoia?

Ukuba khona kweklabhu ye-chess eyimfihlo eyenza izinqumo zomhlaba wonke kuphakamisa imibuzo engakhululekile. Ingabe sibhekene netulo langempela noma nje inkolelo-mbono esebenzisa ukwesaba amandla afihliwe? Ukuphendula, Kuyadingeka ukuhlaziya imithelela engenzeka ngemibono emibili: owalabo abakholelwa ebukhoneni bawo kanye nowalabo abawulahlayo njengenganekwane.

Ngokombono wabavikeli bethiyori, Iklabhu yalolu hlobo ingaba nezinzuzo ezicacile kumalungu ayo. Okokuqala nje, chess inikeza a ulimi olungathathi hlangothi para discutir temas sensibles. Emhlabeni lapho ukuxhumana kugadwa futhi nemihlangano esemthethweni irekhodwa, ibhodi le-chess linikeza isikhala lapho imibono ingageleza ngaphandle kokushiya umkhondo. Njengoba isazi sefilosofi sasho Walter Benjamin, “i-chess ngumdlalo wezimfihlo, ngoba awekho amazwi kuyo, izenzo kuphela”.

Endaweni yesibili, i-chess ikhuthaza izinhlelo zokucabanga, kubalulekile kubenzi bezinqumo ezinkulu. Othisha abakhulu abacabangi nje ngokuhamba kwabo okulandelayo, kodwa ukuthi lokho kunyakaza kuzowuthinta kanjani umdlalo kwezinhlanu, imidlalo eyishumi noma engamashumi amabili. Leli khono lokulindela libalulekile kupolitiki yezwe., lapho isinqumo ezweni elilodwa singaba nemiphumela yomhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, inkinga ye-missile yaseCuba 1962 yaxazululwa ngenxa UJohn F. Kennedy kanye nabeluleki bakhe balindele izimpendulo ezingenzeka ze-USSR, into leyo, ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, wathonywa ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe emidlalweni yamasu efana ne-chess.

Nokho, Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lo mbono uwela ku isiqinisekiso sokukhetha: ukuthambekela kokuhumusha izehlakalo ezingazodwa njengengxenye yephethini enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, Iqiniso lokuthi uKissinger wadlala i-chess noGorbachev akufakazeli ukuthi kwakukhona iklabhu eyimfihlo, kodwa ukuthi abaholi ababili babelane ngomsebenzi wokuzilibazisa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Baveza ukuthi i-chess iwumdlalo osesidlangalaleni ongasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lozungu. Imiqhudelwano efana World Championship noma i I-Grand Chess Tour zisakazwa bukhoma futhi zihlaziywe izigidi zabantu, okungenza noma yimuphi umzamo wokufihla imilayezo ube nzima.

Enye impikiswano iwukuthi ukuntuleka kobufakazi obuphathekayo. Naphezu kwezimpawu, awukho umbhalo, ukurekhoda noma ubufakazi obuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwekilabhu eyimfihlo ye-chess. Abavikeli bethiyori baphendula ngokuthi, ngokuqondile ngenxa yemvelo yayo efihliwe, bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthola ubufakazi obuqondile. Kodwa lokhu futhi kwenza kube i-hypothesis hhayi amanga, okusho ukuthi, akunakwenzeka ukuphikisa, okukusondeza ekuqageleni kuneqiniso.

Ngakho, liphi iqiniso? Mhlawumbe kwenye indawo phakathi. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi kukhona a “iklabhu eyimfihlo” ngomqondo oqinile wegama, nemihlangano ehleliwe namalungu asemthethweni. Kodwa kuyabonakala ukuthi izibalo ezinethonya zisebenzisa i-chess njengethuluzi elingakahleleki lokuxoxa ngamasu., yenza ukuxhumana kanye nemibono yokuhlola endaweni ephephile. Ngalo mqondo, i-chess ingaba ithuluzi elincane lokulawula umhlaba wonke futhi ngaphezulu a amandla enethiwekhi umsizi.

Imithelela yalokhu ijulile.. Uma i-chess isetshenziswa ngabasezingeni eliphezulu ukwenza izinqumo, ngakho ithonya lakhe lidlulela ngalé kwebhodi. Ingachaza ukuthi kungani amaphethini athile eziphinda kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho.: izinkinga zezimali ezizuzisa abambalwa, izimpi ezibonakala zilandela umbhalo onqunywe kusengaphambili, noma izivumelwano ezikhona “okuvamile”. Njengoba eshilo umbhali UGeorge Orwell phakathi “1984”, “amandla akuyona indlela, Kuyisiphetho ngokwako”. Futhi uma i-chess iyithuluzi lalawo mandla, Ngakho ukuliqonda kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi izinqumo ezithinta umhlaba zenziwa kanjani..

Ekupheleni, Umbuzo awukho kangako ukuthi ikhona yini iklabhu eyimfihlo., kodwa yini esingayifunda ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwe-chess namandla. Uma umdlalo, njengoba abaningi besho, umfanekiso wempilo, Ngakho ukulifunda kusivumela ukuba siqonde kangcono imithetho engabhalwanga ebusa umhlaba. Ukuthi njengesingathekiso, ithuluzi noma umsebenzi wokuzilibazisa olula, I-Chess iyaqhubeka nokuba yisibuko samasu alolonga ikusasa lethu.

Umqondo we-a “imfihlo chess club” lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo zomhlaba wonke kungase kuzwakale njengetulo eliyinoveli yezinhloli, kodwa, njengoba sesibonile, isekelwa ukuxhumana okungokomlando, amaphethini okuziphatha kanye nezimpawu ezihambisana nomdlalo. Kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi kuya eMpini Yomshoshaphansi, I-Chess isebenze njengolimi olunamakhodi kubantu abaphakeme, indawo lapho kuxoxwa khona ngamasu ngaphandle kwesidingo samagama. Ubufakazi, nakuba kunezimo, Ziningi kakhulu ukuthi ungazinaki: izibalo ezifana Kissinger, U-Thiel noma u-Schmidt abagcini nje ngokudlala i-chess, kodwa bakubona njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokucabanga ngamasu.

Nokho, Kubalulekile ukuthi ungaweli ekunciphiseni. I-Chess ayilona ithuluzi lokulawula ngokuphelele, kodwa a umsizi amanethiwekhi wethonya. Akukho a “iklabhu” ngobulungu obusemthethweni, kodwa i-ecosystem lapho igeyimu isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwamandla epolitiki, ezomnotho nezempi. Ngalo mqondo, Inani langempela le-chess lisemandleni ayo okufundisa ukucabanga kwesistimu., ukulindela imiphumela nokwenza izinqumo ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Lawa makhono akhona emhlabeni wonke, futhi labo abaziphethe kahle banenzuzo ecacile kunoma yimuphi umkhakha.

Kusakhamuzi esivamile, Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo ongajwayelekile.: uma imithetho yomdlalo ibhalwe yilabo abalawula ibhodi, singahlanganyela kanjani kukho? Impendulo ayibheki uzungu, kodwa ekuqondeni ukuguquguquka kwamandla. I-Chess isifundisa lokho, ngisho nasohlelweni olubonakala luqinile, kukhona indawo yokusungula nokumelana. Njengoba esho Emanuel Lasker, iqhawe lomhlaba ngesikhathi 27 iminyaka: “ku-chess, njengasempilweni, isitha esiyingozi kakhulu nguwe uqobo”.

Ekugcineni, imfihlakalo ye “iklabhu eyimfihlo” akukuningi uma kukhona, kodwa yini esingayifunda kuyo. I-Chess iyisikhumbuzo sokuthi izinqumo zomhlaba wonke azivamile ukuvela ngenhlanhla., kodwa ngamasu abalwe ngokucophelela. Futhi uma sifuna ukushintsha indlela yomdlalo, Kufanele siqale siqonde imithetho yayo.