Bobby Fischer: ubuhlakani, ubuhlanya kanye nefa ku-chess

I-Chess ibone izibalo ezedlula ibhodi, kodwa bambalwa abashiye uphawu olujulile—futhi oluyimpikiswano—njengoba Bobby Fischer. Igama lakhe livusa ubuhlakani obumsulwa, ingqondo ekwazi ukwembula izimfihlakalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emdlalweni ngemizuzwana, kodwa futhi nempilo ephawulwe ngendida: inkanyezi eyayikhanya ngokukhanya kwayo yabe isicwila ethunzini lokuthatheka nokuzihlukanisa. UFischer akagcinanga ngokuchaza kabusha ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba ngumpetha womhlaba, kodwa futhi wadalula imifantu ohlelweni ukuthi, esifisweni sakhe sokulawula i-chess, ekugcineni washwabadela omunye exponents yayo enkulu. Indaba yakhe iyisibuko sesimo somuntu: ithalente elingenamingcele, kodwa futhi ubuthakathaka ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi.

Umfana owabekela umhlaba inselelo evela eBrooklyn

URobert James Fischer wazalwa ngo 9 Mashi 1943 eChicago, kodwa ubuntwana bakhe wabuchitha endaweni yaseBrooklyn, I-New York, endaweni ephawulwa ukungaqiniseki kanye nokungabikho kukababa. unina, Regina Wender, umhlengikazi ongumJuda-Polish, wakhulisa uBobby nodadewabo uJoan bebodwa efulethini elinesizotha. I-Chess yangena empilweni yakhe eneminyaka eyisithupha., lapho udadewabo emnika umdlalo wamasekeni. Okwaqala njengokuwukuzilibazisa kwaphenduka ukuthatheka.: UFischer wadla izincwadi ze-chess, Wayebamba ngekhanda imidlalo evela kogogo futhi wachitha amahora amaningi ehlaziya izikhundla eyedwa.. Ku 13 iminyaka, Wayevele engumpetha wentsha yase-United States, futhi ku 14, umpetha omncane kunabo bonke emlandweni wezwe.

Indlela yakhe yokudlala yayingapheli.. UFischer akagcinanga nje ngokubala okuhlukile ngokunemba kokuhlinzwa, kodwa futhi wayenayo intuition yendawo lokho kwamehlukanisa nabantu besikhathi sakhe. Ngenkathi abanye abadlali bebambelele ekuvulekeni kwethiyori, wayekhetha izikhundla ezicacile lapho ukuphakama kwakhe kwamaqhinga kungakhanya khona. Le filosofi yamholela ekuthuthukiseni ukulungiselela ngendlela, cishe ezesayensi, ukuthi eminyakeni kamuva yayizokhuthaza izizukulwane zabadlali be-chess. Nokho, inhlakanipho yakhe yayinenani: isizungu. UFischer akazange afane nesikhunta sezinto ezijwayelekile. Ngangingenangqondo, umuntu othanda ukuphelela kuze kufike eqophelweni lokucasuka futhi, phezu kwakho konke, engakwazi ukuphatha ukukhungatheka lapho izinto zingahambi ngendlela abeyilindele.

Umdlalo wekhulunyaka: UFischer vs Spassky kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi 64 ama-casillas

Okuvelele emsebenzini kaFischer kwangena 1972, lapho ebhekene neSoviet Boris Spassky endaweni Umdlalo Wekhulu Leminyaka, ebanjelwe eReykjavik, I-Iceland. Le duel yeqe i-chess ukuze ibe wuphawu Impi ebandayo: I-United States ngokumelene ne-USSR, capitalism vs communism, umuntu ngokumelene nesistimu. UFischer, osekuphele iminyaka eyiduba imiqhudelwano ngenxa yokungaboni ngaso linye ne-FIDE, Weza emhlanganweni enesidingo esingavamile: umklomelo we 250.000 amadola, ingcebo ngaleso sikhathi. Ukunqoba kwakhe akugcinanga ngokumthwesa umqhele womhlaba, kodwa futhi waphula ukubusa kweSoviet ku-chess, enwetshiwe kusukela 1948.

Kodwa lo mdlalo wawukude nokuba yisibonelo somdlalo. UFischer ufike sekwedlule isikhathi ngomdlalo wokuqala, walahlekelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi kamuva wasola amaSoviet ngokukopela ngemishini kagesi. Umfutho wawuzwakala., futhi umhlaba wawubamba umoya lapho, emdlalweni wesibili, UFischer wenze iphutha elikhulu futhi walahlekelwa. Abaningi bebecabanga ukuthi uzowushiya lo mqhudelwano, kodwa esikhundleni salokho, ifune ukuthi umdlalo wesithathu udlalwe ekamelweni elizimele, ngaphandle kwamakhamera noma esidlangalaleni. U-Spassky wamukele, kwathi uFischer wawina ngobuhlakani obushiye ababukeli bebambe ongezansi. Kusukela lapho, ukubusa kwakhe kwakuphelele: 12,5 a 8,5, ngokunqoba okuyisikhombisa, ukuhlulwa kathathu kanye neshumi nanye ngokudonsa.

Umthelela walo mhlangano ube umhlaba wonke. UFischer waba usaziwayo osheshayo, evela kumakhava omagazini nezinhlelo zethelevishini. i-chess, kuze kube yileso sikhathi umdlalo we-niche, onolwazi a ibhomu engakaze ibonwe eNtshonalanga. Nokho, Ngemuva kokunqoba kwakufihla ingqondo ebuthakathaka. UFischer waqala ukuzehlukanisa, enqaba izithembiso zamadola ayizigidi ukuze avikele isicoco sakhe futhi azicwilise emibonweni yozungu. Ku 1975, wenqaba ukubhekana no-Anatoly Karpov, umphikisi wakhe oqokiwe, bekhala ngokuthi izimo zomdlalo bezingenabulungiswa. UFIDE wamphuca isicoco, futhi uFischer wanyamalala endaweni yesehlakalo cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili.

Ukuthatheka njengejele: ukwehla kwenhlakanipho

Ngemva kokulahlekelwa isihloko, UFischer wacwila ekudingisweni okuzenzela yena. Ubehlala emahhotela ashibhile, ukugwema ukuthintana nezwe langaphandle, futhi waba ne-paranoia ekhulayo. Inzondo yakhe nge-USSR yaphenduka i-anti-Semitism. (naphezu kwezimpande zakhe zobuJuda) kanye nokwenqaba okubonakalayo kwe-United States, izwe ukuthi, ngokusho kwakhe, Ngangimkhaphele. Ku 1992, wavuma ukudlala a phinda engekho emthethweni ngokumelene noSpassky eYugoslavia, nakuba izwe lalingaphansi kwesivumelwano se-UN. Uhulumeni wase-US wasabisa ngokumbopha uma ehlanganyela., ngoFischer, inselele, Khafule iwaranti futhi udlale noma kunjalo. Wawunqoba umdlalo, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe wawusuphelile.

Iminyaka eyalandela kwaba ukwehlela esihogweni. UFischer wathuthela eHungary, wabe eseya ePhilippines futhi ekugcineni e-Iceland, lapho ayehlala khona njengeqembu. Izitatimende zakhe zasesidlangalaleni zaya ngokuya zishintshashintsha: waphika ukuqothulwa kwesizwe, basekela omashiqela abafana noSaddam Hussein futhi bethula ama-diatribes ngokumelene ne “Isakhiwo seJudeo-Zionist” ini, ngokusho kwakhe, i-chess yomhlaba elawulwayo. Ku 2004, Waboshwa eJapan ngokusebenzisa i-passport echithiwe futhi wahlala izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili ejele ngaphambi kokuba i-Iceland imnike ubuzwe ukugwema ukubuyiselwa e-United States..

Yini elethe uFischer kuleliphuzu?? Abanye ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi wahlupheka I-Asperger's syndrome, i-autism spectrum disorder engachaza ubunzima bakhe ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi kanye nokuthambekela kwakhe ekucabangeni ngokweqile. Abanye bakhomba ukucindezela okungabekezeleleki kokuba ingcweti ezweni elalingakulungele ukukuqonda.. Iqiniso liwukuthi uFischer akakaze athole ukulingana phakathi kobuhlakani bakhe nobuntu bakhe.. Ngenkathi abanye ompetha, njenge Magnus Carlsen, Bakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nenkathi yesimanje, UFischer wayevaleleke enganekwaneni yakhe, engakwazi ukuhlukanisa inganekwane neqiniso.

Ifa likaFischer: ngaphandle kwebhodi

Naphezu kokuphila kwakhe komuntu siqu okunempikiswano, Ifa likaFischer chess alinakuphikiswa. Ukulungiswa kwabadlali okushintshile, ukwethula indlela yesayensi ehlanganisa ukuhlaziya okujulile noku ingqondo yokuwina. incwadi yakho Nkosazana 60 imidlalo ekhumbulekayo Ibhekwa njengobuciko bezincwadi ze-chess, futhi ithonya lakhe lifinyelela izibalo ezifana noGarry Kasparov noVladimir Kramnik. Ngaphandle kwalokho, UFischer ukhuthaze izinguquko emithethweni ye-chess, njengaye I-Fischer Random (o Chess960), okuhlukile okuqeda ukuvula ngekhanda futhi kuvuze ubuhlakani.

Kodwa umnikelo wakhe omkhulu kwaba, kungenzeka, yenza i-chess ibe ngumuntu. UFischer ukhombise ukuthi ngemuva kwayo yonke imidlalo kunendaba, ukulwa hhayi nje kobuhlakani kuphela, kodwa nemizwa. Impilo yakhe iyisikhumbuzo sokuthi ubuhlakani nobuhlanya bavamise ukuhamba bebambene., nalelothalente, yedwa, akuqinisekisi injabulo. Emhlabeni lapho i-chess isiye yaba ngobuchwepheshe kakhulu futhi ubuswa kakhulu ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela, Isibalo sikaFischer siyaqhubeka nokuba yisibani sokuqala nothando.

Yini esingayifunda kuFischer namuhla?

Indaba kaBobby Fischer iphakamisa imibuzo engakhululekile mayelana nenani le-genius. I-chess ingadla umuntu ngezinga elingakanani - nanoma yisiphi isiyalo? UFischer wayeyisisulu sokufuna kwakhe ukuphelela, kodwa nasohlelweni olwamenza isithixo ngaphandle kokumnika amathuluzi okuphatha impumelelo yakhe.. Hoy, ngokukhuphuka kwezinkundla zedijithali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwentando yeningi kwemidlalo, Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-chess akuwona nje umdlalo wengqondo, kodwa futhi a ithuluzi lokukhula komuntu siqu.

Kubadlali abafuna ukuthuthukisa, UFischer uyisibonelo se isiyalo nokugxila. Ikhono lakhe lokuhlaziya imidlalo nokufunda emaphutheni akhe liyisibonelo okufanele silandelwe, njengoba kuchaziwe kulokhu umhlahlandlela osebenzayo wokuhlaziya imidlalo. Nokho, Kuyisixwayiso futhi: i-chess, njengempilo, kufanele ijatshulelwe. Ukukhathazeka ngokunqoba kungase kube ikheji, futhi uFischer uyisibonelo esibuhlungu kakhulu salokhu.

Kafushane, UBobby Fischer wayengaphezu kukampetha womhlaba. Wayengumshisekeli wenguquko, uphawu lwenkathi kanye, phezu kwakho konke, umuntu oyinkimbinkimbi ngokujulile. Indaba yakhe isikhumbuza ukuthi ithalenta liyisipho, kodwa futhi umthwalo. Futhi, ekupheleni, Okusele akuyona imidlalo enqotshiwe kuphela, kodwa izifundo ezifundiwe—nalezo ezitholakalayo, njengomphakathi, kusafanele silingane.

UFischer washona 17 January 2008 eReykjavík, I-Iceland, kwe 64 iminyaka—inombolo leyo, ngokuyindida, ihambisana nezikwele ebhodini—. Ifa lakhe liyaqhubeka, hhayi kuphela ezincwadini ze-chess, kodwa kuwo wonke umdlali ohlezi phambi kwebhodi nezimanga: Ngizimisele ukuya kude kangakanani ukuze ngithole inkazimulo??