I-Karpov vs Kasparov: umbango owashintsha i-chess

Ibhodi laba inkundla yempi lapho kwakunganyakazi izingcezu zokhuni kuphela, kodwa imibono, i-egos kanye nekusasa le-chess ngokwayo. Umbango phakathi U-Anatoli Karpov noGarry Kasparov Kwakungeyona i-duel elula yama-titans; Kwakuwukuzamazama komhlaba okwachaza kabusha imingcele yesu, Psychology ngisho nepolitiki emdlalweni wesayensi. Iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, Lezi ziqhwaga ezimbili zibhekane emidlalweni edlula ezemidlalo ukuze zibe yizimpawu zenkathi.: impi ebandayo phakathi 64 ama-casillas. Kodwa, Yini eyenza lokhu kungqubuzana kuhluke kangaka?? Kwakungebona nje ubuciko bakhe bobuchwepheshe, kodwa indlela ngayinye eyayimelela ngayo ifilosofi ehlukile, indlela yokuphila kanye, phezu kwakho konke, umbono wezwe. Karpov, uchwepheshe obandayo kanye nokubala, kwakuhlanganisa ukubekezela kwamaSoviet; Kasparov, i-dynamite yeqhinga, Wenza samuntu ukuhlubuka kwesizukulwane esisha. Ndawonye, wabhala esinye sezahluko ezithakazelisa kakhulu ze- umlando we-chess, lapho umdlalo ngamunye wawubonisa ukungezwani kwezwe kanye nokomuntu siqu.

Umongo womlando: chess empini ebandayo

Ukuze siqonde ubukhulu Karpov-Kasparov umbango, Kubalulekile ukuyibeka kumongo wayo. i-chess, ngesikhathi sempi ebandayo, Kwakungeyona into yokuzilibazisa elula: kwaba a isikhali se-propaganda. ISoviet Union ibibusa indawo ye-chess kusukela eminyakeni 40, ngezibalo ezifana ne-Botvinnik, UTal noPetrosian bephethe isicoco somhlaba cishe bengaphazamiseki. Lokhu kubusa akuzange kwenzeke ngengozi; Umbuso wamaSoviet wawubona i-chess njengethuluzi lokubonisa ukuphakama kobuhlakani bohlelo lwawo.. Karpov, othweswe umqhele 1975 ngemuva kokusula kukaBobby Fischer, Wayeyindlalifa ephelele yaleli siko: umkhiqizo wesistimu, okhuzayo, methodical futhi, phezu kwakho konke, leal. Indlela yakhe yokudlala, ngokusekelwe ekuqongeleleni izinzuzo ezincane kanye nokuxhashazwa okungaphezi kwamaphutha imbangi, yabonisa isimo sengqondo sesimiso esazisa isineke nokulawula ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye.

Kodwa ku 1984, insizwa evela 21 iminyaka yaqhuma endaweni yesehlakalo ngamandla angenamkhawulo. Garry Kasparov, wazalelwa e-Baku (I-Azerbaijan), akagcinanga ngokuphonsela inselelo uKarpov ebhodini, kodwa futhi neSoviet hegemony. Isitayela sakhe esinolaka, egcwele imihlatshelo nezinhlanganisela ezinesibindi, Kwakuyi-antithesis ye-chess “umshwalense” de Karpov. U-Kasparov akazange adlale ukuze angalahlekelwa; wadlalela ukunqoba, futhi lokho kwamenza waba uphawu loshintsho. KwabaseKremlin, lokhu kwakuyingozi. Hhayi nje ngoba yasongela ukubusa kweSoviet ku-chess, kodwa ngoba Kasparov, nge-charisma yakhe kanye nesimo sakhe sengqondo sokudelela, lase liba uphawu lwesizukulwane esilangazelela izinguquko. Ngakho, I-duel phakathi kukaKarpov noKasparov yaphenduka into enkulu: impi phakathi kwesimiso esidala nesisha, phakathi kwe-orthodoxy ne-innovation.

I-psychology yosizi: imiqondo emibili, kwemikhathi

Uma i-chess iwumfanekiso womqondo womuntu, Ngakho ukungqubuzana phakathi kukaKarpov noKasparov kwaba isifundo sezengqondo ngesikhathi sangempela. Karpov, isiteketiso “i-boa constrictor” ngenxa yekhono lakhe lokuminyanisa izimbangi zakhe ngemidlalo eqondile futhi ngaphandle komzamo obonakalayo, Wayengumfanekiso wokubala ukubanda. Ukulungiswa kwayo kwakusekelwe ocwaningweni olunzulu lokuvuleka neziphetho, futhi isikhali sakhe esikhulu kwakuwukubekezela. Bengingabhekile umaqondana, kodwa ukunqoba okuqinisekile, ukuqongelela izinzuzo sakugcina kuze imbangi, ekhathele, Ngenza iphutha elikhulu. Lesi simo sengqondo kwakungeyona nje i-chess; Kwakuwukubonakaliswa kobuntu bakhe.. UKarpov wagwema izingxabano, Ngancamela ukuzinza kanye, ngezindlela eziningi, Ubengumdlali we-chess ophelele wesistimu eklomelisa ukuhambisana.

Kasparov, esikhundleni salokho, Kwakunamandla ahlanzekile.. Indlela ayedlala ngayo yayinesiphithiphithi, egcwele imihlatshelo kanye nezingozi ezibaliwe. Wayengenandaba nokuthi isikhundla sasikhona “ngobuqotho” kangcono; ebengikufuna wukuhlanganisa umdlalo, phoqa imbangi yakho ukuthi ithathe izinqumo ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Lesi simo sengqondo sadlulela ngalé kwebhodi: U-Kasparov wayengumshicileli owazalwa, umgxeki ongagwegwesi wesimiso samaSoviet kanye, kamuva, isishoshovu sezombusazwe. Umqondo wakhe bekungewona owomdlali we-chess, kodwa eyeqhawe. ngaye, wonke umdlalo wawuyimpi, nakho konke ukunqoba, isimemezelo sezimiso. Lo mehluko ongokwengqondo ubonakale emdlalweni wabo wokuqala wesicoco somhlaba ku 1984, i-marathon ye 48 imidlalo eyathatha izinyanga ezinhlanu nokuthi, ekugcineni, wamiswa ngumongameli weFIDE, UFlorencio Campomanes, ngaphansi kwezimo ezisaphikisana. I-Karpov lederaba 5-3, ipeni likaKasparov, ngokumelana okumangalisayo ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo, ikwazile ukubophela imidlalo eminingi ezindaweni ebezingalindele muntu. Ukumiswa komdlalo, abaningi abahumusha njengomzamo wokuvikela uKarpov, kwayibhebhezela nje inganekwane kaKasparov njengeqhawe elingakhathali.

Le duel yezengqondo ayizange iphelele emidlalweni. Bobabili abadlali bakha amasu ngaphandle kwebhodi ukuze badilize imbangi. Karpov, Ngokwesibonelo, Ngangivame ukufika sekwephuzile emidlalweni, iqhinga elalifuna ukwenza uKasparov athuke, owaziwa ngokugcina isikhathi kwakhe ngokweqile. Kasparov, ngokwengxenye yakhe, uphendule ngamazwi acasulayo nangezenzo zeshashalazi phakathi nomdlalo. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngesikhathi somdlalo 1985, UKasparov wasukuma etafuleni waya efasiteleni., egqolozele uKarpov ngenkathi ecabanga ngokuhamba kwakhe. Umlayezo wawucacile: “Awungethusi”. Lezi zimpi ezingokwengqondo bezibaluleke njengemidlalo esebhodini, futhi bakukhombisa lokho, ku-elite chess, ingqondo ibaluleke njengesu. Ukuze ujule ngokuthi i-psychology ithonya kanjani ukusebenza kwe-chess, ungakwazi ukuhlola lokhu ukuhlaziywa kwe-psychology ku-chess.

Inguquko yezobuchwepheshe: bawushintshe kanjani umdlalo

Ngaphandle kwe-psychology kanye nomxholo wezepolitiki, Ukuncintisana kweKarpov-Kasparov kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuziphendukeleni kwezobuchwepheshe kwe-chess. Karpov, ngendlela yayo yokuma, ithathe i-strategic chess yaya phezulu. Ikhono lakhe lokuhlola izikhundla eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi athole izinhlelo zesikhathi eside ayengenakuqhathaniswa. Imidlalo kwabanye eyayiyimidlalo elula, KuKarpov kwakuyizicucu zephazili enkulu, lapho yonke imininingwane ibalwe khona. Ukuphatha kwakhe iziphetho, ngokuqondene, kwakuyinganekwane. Esikhathini lapho abadlali abaningi babencike ekubambeni ngekhanda izikhala, U-Karpov wabonisa ukuthi ukuqonda okujulile komdlalo kwakubaluleke kakhulu kunanoma yikuphi ukulungiswa kwethiyori.

Kasparov, nokho, iguqule i-chess kwenye indawo. Ube ngumpetha womhlaba wokuqala ukusebenzisa ikhompuyutha njengethuluzi lokulungiselela, into esezingeni namuhla kodwa lokho eminyakeni 80 yayingamavukelambuso. Ithimba lakhe labahlaziyi lisebenze nezinhlelo ezingajwayelekile ukuhlola okuhlukile kokuvula, futhi uKasparov akazange angabaze ukwethula imibono emisha emidlalweni yakhe.. Elinye lamagalelo akhe abaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukuthandwa kwe I-Sicilian Defense, ikakhulukazi okuhlukile kwe-Najdorf, okwaba yisikhali sakhe asithandayo ngokumelene ne-1.e4. Kodwa ngaphandle kwemingcele, UKasparov uguqule indlela abadlali abasondela ngayo emdlalweni ophakathi. Isitayela sakhe esinamandla, lapho ukwaziswa kwakuvame ukunikelwa khona ngokusuka nje, igqugquzele isizukulwane sabadlali be-chess ukuthi sibeke phambili ubuciko kunokuphepha.

Umehluko phakathi kwezitayela zombili uthwetshulwe emidlalweni yazo edume kakhulu. Emdlalweni we 1985, Ngokwesibonelo, U-Kasparov wamangaza umhlaba ngendaba entsha yethiyori I-Defensa Grünfeld (fanisa 16), ukuvulwa uKarpov ayekwazi kahle iminyaka. Hambisa 12…b5!, umhlatshelo we-pawn uKasparov ayewulungiselele neqembu lakhe, Ingalingani isikhundla futhi yamnika ithuba elingcono ngokwengqondo aligcina umdlalo wonke.. Karpov, ngokwengxenye yakhe, wabonisa ubuhlakani bakhe emdlalweni 9 kusukela emhlanganweni ofanayo, lapho ngomlungu azuza khona isikhundla esiphezulu ngenxa yobuchule bakhe bezinhlelo zamasu. Le midlalo ibingagcini nje ngokujabulisa; kwakuyizifundo ze-chess abadlali emhlabeni wonke abazifunda ngokuzimisela. Uma ufuna ukuhlaziya imidlalo yomlando eguqule umdlalo, Ikona isihloko mayelana nemidlalo yomlando Yisiqalo esihle kakhulu..

Ifa: ngale kwe 64 ama-casillas

Umbango phakathi kukaKarpov noKasparov kwaphela ngokusemthethweni 1990, lapho uKasparov egcina isihloko sakhe emdlalweni lowo, nakuba zingezinhle kakhulu kunalezo ezandulele, wahlanganisa ukubusa kwakhe. Kodwa ithonya lakhe lisekhona nanamuhla.. Karpov, nakuba engaseyena umdlali weminyaka ongahlulwa lutho 70 y 80, ihlala iyireferensi ku-positional chess, futhi imidlalo yabo ifundwa kuma-academy emhlabeni jikelele. Kasparov, ngokwengxenye yakhe, waba umuntu emhlabeni wonke, hhayi nje njengomdlali we-chess, kodwa njengombhali, usomlomo kanye nesishoshovu sezepolitiki. incwadi yakho Abangaphambili bami abakhulu, lapho ehlaziya khona imidlalo yompetha bomhlaba baphambilini, Ibhekwa njengobuciko bobuciko be-literary chess.

Kodwa mhlawumbe ifa elibaluleke kakhulu lalo mbango umthelela wawo endleleni esiqonda ngayo i-chess yesimanje.. Ngaphambi kukaKarpov noKasparov, i-chess ibonwa njengomdlalo we-elite, kubekelwe ongqondongqondo ababodwa. emva kwabo, waba umdlalo womhlaba wonke, kuyafinyeleleka futhi kuyajabulisa. U-Karpov wabonisa ukuthi ukubekezela nokunemba kunganqoba ukukhalipha ngezikhathi ezithile; U-Kasparov wafakazela ukuthi ubuciko kanye nesibindi kungaba inselele ngisho nezinhlelo ezisungulwe kakhulu.. Ndawonye, bakuchaze kabusha ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba ngumpetha wechess.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, Ukuncintisana kwabo kwabeka isisekelo seminyaka ye-digital chess. Kasparov, ngokusetshenziswa kwayo kokuqala kwekhompyutha, ivule indlela yokuthi abadlali besimanje bathembele ezinjinini zezibalo ezifana ne-Stockfish noma i-Leela Chess Zero. Hoy, noma yimuphi umlandeli angaba setha injini ye-chess ekhaya futhi uhlaziye imidlalo njengoba kwenza ogogo eminyakeni edlule 80. Karpov, ngokwengxenye yakhe, uhlala engumvikeli we-classical chess, bephikisana ngokuthi ukudlala okusheshayo nokuthembela ngokweqile kwezobuchwepheshe kuqeda ingqikithi ye-chess. Kuyinkulumompikiswano, phakathi kwesiko nesimanje, Kungelinye lamafa ombango wabo.

Isiphetho: chess njengesibuko sobuntu

Umbango phakathi kukaKarpov noKasparov wawungaphezu kochungechunge lwemidlalo ye-chess. Kwakuyi-microcosm yokungezwani kwesikhathi sayo: ukulwa phakathi kwesimiso esidala nesisha, phakathi kwe-orthodoxy ne-innovation, phakathi kokulawula nenkululeko. ebhodini, Lezi ziqhwaga ezimbili azinyakazi nje izingcezu; bahambisa imibono, imizwa kanye, ekugcineni, inkambo yomlando we-chess. Ifa lakhe lisikhumbuza ukuthi i-chess akuwona nje umdlalo, kodwa ukubonakaliswa kwesimo somuntu. Kumdlalo ngamunye, isu ngalinye, kuyo yonke imihlatshelo, kukhona ngathi: izifiso zethu, ukwesaba kwethu, ikhono lethu lokudala nokucekela phansi.

Hoy, lapho i-chess ithola ukuvuselelwa ngenxa yamapulatifomu edijithali nochungechunge olufana nalolu I-Queen's Gambit, Kulula ukukhohlwa ukuthi ngemuva kwayo yonke imidlalo kunezindaba ezifana nekaKarpov neKasparov. Izindaba zothando, yokungqubuzana, wenhlakanipho. Uma ufuna ukujula ngokuthi i-chess ingawuguqula kanjani umqondo wakho nempilo yakho, Sikumema ukuthi uhlole lokhu i-athikili ngezinzuzo zokuqonda ze-chess. Kungani, ekupheleni, i-chess akuwona nje umdlalo; Kuyithuluzi lokuqonda umhlaba kanye, kungenzeka, ukuziqonda thina.