Isikhokelo sokugqibela sokufunda ichess ukusuka ekuqaleni

Khawufane ucinge umzuzwana ukuba intshukumo nganye kwibhodi yechess sisigqibo esichaza ikamva lakho.. Akunjalo nje ngokuhambisa amaqhekeza 64 iicasilas, kodwa ukuqeqesha ingqondo ukuba iqikelele, ukuziqhelanisa kunye, ngaphezu koko, qonda ukuba ukhetho ngalunye—enoba lubonakala luncinane kangakanani na—lunokutshintsha ikhondo lomdlalo, yeprojekthi okanye ubomi. I-Chess ayingomdlalo; yi ilabhoratri yengqondo, apho iqhinga, Umonde kunye nobuchule buyavavanywa kwithuba ngalinye. Kwabo baqalayo kule ndalo iphela, Ucelomngeni asikokunkqaya iingcango okanye amaqhinga, kodwa ekuqiqeni indlela ibhodi ebonisa ngayo iindlela ezinzulu zokucinga komntu. Esi sikhokelo asiyoncwadana yemigaqo, kodwa imephu yendlela yokuguqula umdla wokuqala ube yinto ebumba ubukrelekrele, ukomelela kunye, ekugqibeleni, indlela yokujongana nehlabathi.

Ibhodi njengesipili: kutheni ichess ingaphezulu komdlalo

I-Chess ayizange izalwe njengento yokuzonwabisa, kodwa njengesixhobo sokulinganisa iingxabano zemfazwe. Imvelaphi yayo isukela emva Chaturanga, Umdlalo wamaIndiya wenkulungwane yesi-6 owawuphindaphinda ukumila komkhosi welo xesha. Nangona kunjalo, Into eyaqala njengokuziqhelanisa neqhinga lomkhosi yavela yaba yinkqubo equka imigaqo yokuqiqa, ipsychology kunye nefilosofi. Isiqwenga ngasinye ebhodini simele indima ethile, kodwa ikwasisikweko sendlela olusebenza ngayo uluhlu lwemigangatho, izixhobo kunye nemida kuyo nayiphi na indawo yobomi. Inqaba, Umzekelo, lufuzisela ukomelela kwesakhiwo—njengamaziko okanye iintsika zeprojekthi—, ngelixa ubhishophu ebonisa ukuhamba kunye nombono we-diagonal, ukuba nako ukudibanisa iingcamango ezibonakala zivaliwe.

Eyona nto inika umdla ngechess kukuba, ngokungafaniyo neminye imidlalo, akukho thuba. Yonke impazamo, yonke impumelelo, Luxanduva lomdlali kuphela. Oku kwenza ukuba a isipili sengqondo: ukuba udla ngokudlala ngokundlongondlongo, Kusenokwenzeka ukuba wenze izinto ngokungxama kubomi bemihla ngemihla.; ukuba unemethodical, Mhlawumbi uhlalutya kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba wenze izigqibo. Uphononongo kwi-neuroscience lubonise ukuba ukuziqhelanisa nechess rhoqo komeleza i-cortex yangaphambili, ummandla wobuchopho onxulumene nokucwangcisa kunye nokuzibamba. Kodwa ngaphandle kweenzuzo zengqondo, umdlalo wechess ufundisa isifundo esibalulekileyo: imfezeko ayikho. Nkqu nabafundisi-ntsapho abakhulu bayazenza iimpazamo; into ebahlulayo kukukwazi kwabo ukuphinda baphile. Le ngcinga-ukufunda ekoyisweni kunokuboyika-iyatshintshelwa kulo naluphi na uqeqesho., ukusuka kwishishini ukuya kubudlelwane bomntu.

Ukusuka ku-zero ukuya kwabaqalayo: indlela yokwakha isiseko esiluqilima ngaphandle kokuphoxeka

Iphutha lokuqala labo baqala ukudlala i-chess bazama ukuqonda yonke into ngokukhawuleza.. Ukunkqaya imivulo entsonkothileyo okanye imidlalo yokufunda ye Kasparov vs. Karpov Phambi kokuqonda imigaqo esisiseko kufana nokuzama ukubaleka umdyarho weembaleki ngaphandle kokufunda ukuhamba. Undoqo kukwahlulahlula ukufunda kube ngamanqanaba, ukubeka phambili ukuqonda kunokunkqaya. Ezi ziintsika ekufuneka wonke umntu oqalayo azifunde ngaphambi kokuba ajonge kubuchule obuphambili:

• Ulawulo lweziko: Iibhokisi ezisembindini (e4, d4, e5, d5) Bayintliziyo yebhodi. Nabani na obalawulayo unokushukuma okukhulu kwiziqwenga zakhe kwaye unciphisa ukhetho lomchasi. Oku akuthethi ukuhlala kwiziko ngeepawn ngokungakhethi., kodwa ukuqonda ukuba intshukumo nganye kufuneka ifake isandla kolo lawulo.
• Uphuhliso lwamacandelo: Kweyokuqala 10 iyadlala, Injongo kukususa amaqhekeza amancinci. (amahashe noobhishophu) ukusuka kwiindawo zabo zokuqala, ukuphepha ukuhambisa iqhekeza elinye kabini ngokungeyomfuneko. Impazamo eqhelekileyo “uhlaselo” phambi kwexesha nenenekazi, nto leyo edla ngokukhokelela ekulahlekeni kwexesha kunye nokungalungi kwendawo.
• ukhuseleko lokumkani: Ukuphosa kwangethuba ayingomgaqo upheleleyo, kodwa luqheliselo olucetyiswayo lokukhusela ukumkani kunye nokudibanisa ama-rooks. Ukumkani obhengeziweyo embindini usesichengeni sokuhlaselwa ngobuchule, nakwiindawo ezibonakala zizolile.
• ulwakhiwo lwephini: Iipawn ze “umphefumlo wechess”, njengoko watshoyo uPhilidor. Isakhiwo esibuthathaka se-pawn-nobuthathaka obufana neepawn eziphindwe kabini okanye ezizimeleyo-zinokuba luxanduva kuwo wonke umdlalo.. Ukufunda ukuchonga obu buthathaka kubalulekile ukuze uphephe iimpazamo ezingenakuguqulwa..

Nje ukuba ezi ngcamango ziphunyezwe, Inyathelo elilandelayo kukuziqhelanisa neepateni zobuchule ezisisiseko: iidunks, iinwele, izinto ezifunyenweyo kunye nezitenxa. Ezi zixhobo azikho amaqhinga, kodwa izixhobo ezivela kwintsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqhekeza. Umzekelo, Iphini lenzeka xa iqhekeza lingenakususwa ngaphandle kokuveza elinye iqhekeza lexabiso elikhulu. (njengobhishophu ehlasela i-rook ekhusela ukumkani). Ukuqaphela ezi patheni kwimidlalo yakho kunye neyabanye abantu kuyakukhawulezisa ukufunda ngokukhawuleza. Iiplatforms ezifana Lichess okanye Chess.com Banikezela ngoqheliselo olusebenzisanayo olukuvumela ukuba usebenzise la maqhinga kwiimeko zokwenyani, Kodwa inkqubela yokwenyani iza xa uhlalutya imidlalo yakho ukuchonga iimpazamo eziqhubekayo..

Intsomi yetalente: Kutheni ukuziqhelanisa ngabom trumps genius innate

Inkcubeko edumileyo iqhubele phambili ingcamango yokuba ichess ngumdlalo ogcinelwe iingcaphephe okanye abantu abakrelekrele.. Nangona kunjalo, inzululwazi kunye nembali chess debunk le ntsomi. UMagnus Carlsen, inombolo enye yangoku ehlabathini, Akazalwa ekwazi ukudlala; Ukunyuka kwakhe kwakungenxa yokudibanisa ukwenza ngabom, inkanuko kunye nokusingqongileyo okukhuthaze ukukhula kwayo. Ukuziqhelanisa ngamabom-ingcamango eyaqulunqwa ngu-psychologist u-Anders Ericsson-ibhekisela kuqeqesho olugxininisiweyo, iphindaphindwa kwaye ijolise ekuphuculeni imiba ethile yokusebenza, hayi ukudlala imidlalo engenanjongo.

Ukusebenzisa lo mgaqo kwichess, iyafuneka:

• Gxininisa kubuthathaka: Ukuba ulahlekelwa yimidlalo ngenxa yeempazamo ekubalweni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo, unikezela iiseshoni ezikhethekileyo ekusombululeni iingxaki zobuchule. Ukuba ingxaki yakho kukuvula, funda iingcamango ezisemva kwemigca ephambili, hayi imidlalo kuphela.
• Hlalutya nzulu: Emva komdlalo ngamnye, jonga amaxesha abalulekileyo ngenjini yechess (como Stockfish) ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi ezinye iindlela ezikhoyo. Ayikokuzibek’ ityala ngeempazamo., kodwa ukufunda kubo.
• Dlala ngenjongo: Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiitumente okanye kwimidlalo ye-intanethi enenjongo ecacileyo—efana nokusebenzisa indawo entsha yokuvula okanye ukuphucula ukulawula ixesha—kunemveliso ngakumbi kunokudlala ngokungenanjongo.. I amava phantsi koxinzelelo ayinakubuyiselwa.

Uphononongo olupapashwe kwijenali INzululwazi yezeNzululwazi ibonise ukuba abafundisi-ntsapho abakhulu abanazo iinkumbulo zikhethekileyo, kodwa endaweni yoko baqaphela iipateni ebhodini ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi ngenxa yokubonakaliswa okuphindaphindiweyo kwizikhundla ezifanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ixesha elidlulele, Nawuphi na umdlali unokuphuhlisa intuition efanayo, okoko nje ukuziqhelanisa kuyindlela kunye nokucamngca. umdlalo wechess, ngale ndlela, yi umdlalo wengqondo oko kuvuza ukuzingisa phezu kobuchule obuzenzekelayo.

Isayikholoji yebhodi: indlela yokulawula ingqondo ukuze uphumelele umdlalo

I-Chess yi-duel phakathi kweengqondo ezimbini, kunye nesayikholoji idlala indima ebalulekileyo njengesicwangciso. Umdlali unokuba nendawo yokuwina, Kodwa ukuba uwela kumgibe we ukukhubazeka ngokuhlalutya okanye uthabatheke kukuphoxeka, kusenokwenzeka ukuba wenze iimpazamo ezingenakulungiseka. Ezi zezinye zezona ngxaki zixhaphakileyo ngokwasengqondweni kunye nendlela yokoyisa:

• Uloyiko lokungalunganga: Abaninzi abaqalayo bayakuphepha ukuthatha ingozi ngenxa yokwesaba ukulahlekelwa.. Nangona kunjalo, I-Chess ngumdlalo wezigqibo phantsi kokungaqiniseki, kwaye ekuphela kwendlela yokuphucula kukwamkela ukuba iimpazamo ziyinxalenye yenkqubo. Njengoko uCapablanca watsho: “I-Chess ngumdlalo weempazamo; Nabani na owenza okokugqibela uyaphumelela”.
• Ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo: emva koloyiso, kulula ukujongela phantsi umchasi okanye ukuphumla kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo. Ukuthobeka luphawu kwichess; Nditsho neentshatsheli zehlabathi zihlola imidlalo yazo ngononophelo.
• Ulawulo lwexesha: Kwimidlalo ekhawulezayo (blitz okanye bullet), iwotshi inokuba lutshaba. Ukufunda ukwaba ixesha lakho-ukuchitha ngaphezulu kwiintshukumo ezibalulekileyo kunye nokuncinci kwimidlalo yesiqhelo-bubuchule obuphuhliswa namava..
• Ukufunda kwembangi: Ukujonga imikhwa yomdlali ochasayo—efana nomzimba okanye indlela yokudlala—inokutyhila inkcazelo ebalulekileyo.. Umzekelo, Ukuba umdlali uhlala iinqaba ezimfutshane, ukumkani wakho kusenokwenzeka ukuba avuleleke ngakumbi kuhlaselo kingside.

Inkalo ekuxoxwa ngayo kancinci kodwa ibaluleke ngokulinganayo yile ukulawula iimvakalelo. Imidlalo eqinisekileyo, njengezo zetumente, kunokubangela ixhala, yintoni echaphazela ukucaca kwengqondo. Ubuchwephesha obufana nokuphefumla nzulu okanye ukubonwa kwangaphambili (Cinga ngeentshukumo kunye neempendulo phambi komdlalo) nceda uzolile. Ngaphandle koko, I-chess ifundisa indlela yokulawula ukuphazamiseka: ukoyiswa asikokusilela, kodwa lithuba lokuchonga iindawo ezinokuphuculwa. Njengoko utitshala omkhulu wachaza UMagnus Carlsen, “I-Chess ngumdlalo womonde. Ukuba awukwazi ukulawula iimvakalelo zakho, ibhodi iya kukohlwaya”.

Ngaphandle kwe 64 iicasilas: indlela i-chess eguqula ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla

I-Chess ayingomdlalo nje; yi isikweko sobomi. Izifundo ezifundwe phambi kwebhodi zisebenza phantse kuyo nayiphi na indawo: ukusuka ekuthathweni kwezigqibo emsebenzini ukuya kulawulo longquzulwano lomntu. Le yeminye yemigaqo yendalo yonke efundiswa yichess:

• Ukucinga ixesha elide: kwichess, intshukumo nganye kufuneka ivavanywe kungekuphela nje ngempembelelo yayo ekhawulezileyo, kodwa ngenxa yendlela esichaphazela ngayo isikhundla kwi 5 o 10 iyadlala. Esi simo sengqondo siluncedo kwiiprojekthi zobungcali okanye utyalo-mali, apho izigqibo zokungxama zidla ngokuba nemiphumo emibi.
• Ukuguquguquka: Isicwangciso sinokuqhekeka kwintshukumo enye. Ukufunda i-pivot-ukutshintsha izicwangciso xa iimeko zifuna-bubuchule obuxabisekileyo kwihlabathi elihlala litshintsha..
• Ulawulo lwezibonelelo: kwichess, iindawo zilinganiselwe, yaye nganye inexabiso elithile. Ukwazi ixesha lokuncama i-pawn ukuze ufumane inzuzo yesikhundla kufana nokutyala ixesha okanye imali kwithuba, nangona kuyingozi, inokuvelisa inzuzo enkulu.
• Ukomelela: Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, ichess ifundisa indlela yokuphulukana. Konke ukoyiswa kusisifundo, kunye nokukwazi ukubuya umva ekungaphumeleli koko kwahlula abadlali abaphumeleleyo kwabayekayo..

Ngaphandle koko, i-chess ikhuthaza izakhono zentlalo. Ukudlala kwiiklabhu zasekhaya okanye kwiitumente kukuvumela ukuba udibane nabantu abanomdla ofanayo, ngoxa ukufundisa abanye—ingakumbi abantwana—komeleza ulwazi lukabani yaye kuvelisa imvakalelo yebutho labantu. Kumazwe afana neArmenia, Ichess sisifundo esinyanzelekileyo ezikolweni, hayi ngamabona-ndenzile, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ibonakaliswe ukuphucula ukusebenza kwezemfundo, ukugxila kunye nokuzithemba. Njengoko uphononongo oluvela kwiYunivesithi yaseTrier lubonisa, Abantwana abadlala ichess bakhulisa isakhono esikhulu sokusombulula iingxaki zemathematika kunye nokuqonda ngcono ukufunda.

Kwabo bafuna ukuthatha ezi zifundo ngaphaya kwebhodi, I-Chess inokuba sisixhobo sonyango. Ezintolongweni, izibhedlele kunye namaziko okubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo, Isetyenziselwa ukunyanga izifo ezifana ne-ADHD, ukudakumba okanye uxinzelelo lwasemva kokwenzakala. Yena chess yonyango akagxininisi kukhuphiswano, kodwa kwinkqubo: ugxininiso, Umonde kunye nokuzivavanya okufunwa ngumdlalo kuncede izigulana ziphinde zihlangane namandla azo okuhlalutya kunye nokulawula iimvakalelo.

ichess yiyo, kwimeko, kwaye ijim yengqondo. Ubudala abunamsebenzi, inqanaba lesakhono okanye iinjongo zomntu: Umdlalo ngamnye lithuba lokuqeqesha ubukrelekrele, ukuyila kunye nokomelela. Njengoko umbhali uStefan Zweig wathi kwinoveli yakhe Umdlali wechess, “I-Chess kuphela komsebenzi womntu apho umntu anokufikelela kwimfezeko epheleleyo.”. Mhlawumbi imfezeko ayinakufikelelwa, kodwa indlela yokusondela kuyo izele zizinto ezifunyenweyo, imingeni kunye, ngaphezu koko, yemfundo engaphaya 64 izikwere zebhodi.

Ukuba ufikile apha, Kungenxa yokuba i-chess sele ivuse into kuwe: umdla, amabhongo okanye umnqweno nje wokuzama into entsha. Nokuba yintoni na inkuthazo yakho; into ebalulekileyo kukuba wenze inyathelo lokuqala. Ibhodi ilungile, amaqhekeza alinde, kwaye umdlalo ngamnye-ophumeleleyo okanye olahlekileyo-uya kuba linyathelo elinye kumdlalo wakho wobomi.