FIDE: nhoroondo yakavanzika yeglobal chess

Nhoroondo yechess chiratidzo chekushanduka kwevanhu: mutambo wakazvarwa sechishandiso chemauto, Yakava chiratidzo chesimba rezvematongerwo enyika uye nhasi mutauro wepasi rose unobatanidza tsika., zvizvarwa uye kunyange marudzi ari kunetsana. Asi kuseri kwemutambo wega wega, makwikwi ese uye shasha yese yenyika, Pane chimiro chisingaonekwe chakaumba magumo ako: the International Chess Federation (FIDE). Yakavambwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ekunetsana kwe geopolitical uye zvishuvo zvemunhu, FIDE haina kungomisa mitemo yemutambo chete, asi zvakare akave mutambi akakosha mukunyarara diplomacy, Hondo Yemashoko uye kudyidzana kwepasi rose kwemitambo yepfungwa. Sangano rinogadzirwa sei mukati 1924 akakwanisa kupona muhondo mbiri dzenyika, matambudziko ehupfumi uye shanduko yedhijitari kuti uve muchengeti wemutambo unotambwa nhasi nevanopfuura 600 mamiriyoni evanhu? Mhinduro yacho haingoratidzi chete nhoroondo yechess, asiwo kupokana kwevanhu: mutambo werunyararo wakashandiswa sechombo chehondo, mutambo wega wega unoenderana nekudyidzana kwepasirese, uye mubatanidzwa uyo, zvisinei nekunyomba kwavo, Inoramba iri bhiriji chete pakati pebhodhi nenyika.

Kwakabva: apo chess yaida arbiter yepasi rose

Kuti unzwisise kudiwa kweFIDE, tinofanira kudzokera kuzana remakore rechi19, nguva apo chess yaive mhirizhonga yemitemo, makwikwi akavandudzwa uye kukakavara kusingaperi. Nyika imwe neimwe—uye kunyange guta rimwe nerimwe—raiva nemisiyano yaro rimene: muEngland, casting yakaitwa nenzira; muFrance, kubva kune mumwe; uye muRussia, iyo pawn inogona kukwira mativi maviri chero nguva, kwete chete mukufamba kwake kwekutanga. International tournaments, kufanana nengano Hastings 1895, Dzaive zviitiko zvemhirizhonga apo vatambi vaifanira kubvumirana pamitemo panhunzi, uye miuyo yacho kazhinji kazhinji yakaparira kukakavara kwakagara kwamakore. Nyaya yakakurumbira zvikuru yaiva Saint Petersburg Tournament 1914, uko kushaikwa kweiyo yakajeka tiebreaker system kwakatungamira kuna Emanuel Lasker naJosé Raúl Capablanca kupedzisa vaine zvibodzwa zvakafanana., asi pasina nzira yakabatana yekuzivisa akunda.

Pfungwa yemubatanidzwa wenyika dzese haina kumuka kamwe kamwe. In 1914, panguva yemutambo weMannheim, boka revadzidzisi - pakati pavo Alexander Alekhine naSiegbert Tarrasch - vakakurudzira kuumbwa kwe “World Chess Federation”, Asi Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yakapfupisa chirongwa.. Yaiva mu Paris Chess Union Congress mu 1924, paMitambo yeOlympic gore iroro, kupi 15 nyika dzakasaina chibvumirano chekutanga cheFIDE. Mutungamiri wayo wekutanga, gweta rechiDutch Alexander Rueb, anga asiri mutambi we chess akatanhamara, asi ainzwisisa kukosha kwekutaurirana: Chinangwa chayo chakanga chisiri chokungobatanidza mitemo, asiwo kushandura chess kuva chiratidzo cherunyararo munyika yakaputsika nehondo. Zvinoshamisa, FIDE akaberekwa panguva apo Europe yakanga ichiri kubuda ropa mumaronda eHondo Huru, uye dambudziko rake guru rekutanga raizova rokufambisa makakatanwa aizotungamirira kuHondo Yenyika II.

Mumakore ake okutanga, FIDE rakanga riri sangano rine mwero, nezviwanikwa zvishoma uye simba shoma. Kubudirira kwayo kukuru kwekutanga kwaive kuenzanisa mirau, kusanganisira iyo tiebreaker system Sonnenborn-Berger (izvo zvichiri kushandiswa nanhasi) uye kugadzira zita rekuti Sekuru, akapihwa kekutanga mukati 1950. Asi rubhabhatidzo rwake rwechokwadi rwemoto rwakauya neHondo Yemashoko, apo chess yakava nhandare yehondo pakati peUnited States neUSSR.

Cold War in 64 casillas: Sei FIDE yakava geopolitical pawn

Kana chess chiratidzo chehupenyu, FIDE munguva yeHondo Yemashoko rakanga riri chionioni chakavimbika zvikuru chekusawirirana kwenyika yose. ISoviet Union, uyo akanga atonga mutambo kubva makore 30, akaona chess semudziyo wekuparadzira: Kukunda kwega kwega kwevatambi vayo - kubva kuna Mikhail Botvinnik kuenda kuna Anatoly Karpov - kwakaratidzwa sehumbowo hwehukuru hwehurongwa hwemakomunisti.. Asi FIDE, yakavakirwa muWestern Europe, akazviwana ari mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka: Inofanira kuramba isina kwayakarerekera kana kuzvibatanidza nezvinodiwa neSoviet, uyo aidzora madzisekuru mazhinji enyika?

Kutyora kwacho kwakapinda 1972, pamwe ne Match of the Century pakati Bobby Fischer y Boris Spassky naReykjavík. FIDE, pasi pemutungamiri weaimbove shasha yepasi rose Max Euwe, akapinzwa mudambudziko risati ramboitika: Fischer aida kuti mutemo uchinje (sekubviswa kwekukurumidza mutambo tiebreaker system), Akatyisidzira kubvisa uye akanonoka kwemitambo yakawanda., apo USSR yakapomera United States kushandisa chess sechombo chepfungwa. Mutambo, iyo yakaguma nekukunda kwaFischer, Yakanga isiri nhanho yemitambo chete, asiwo kurova kwekufananidzira kuSoviet hegemony. Asi FIDE akabuda akapera simba: Kusakwanisa kwayo kudzora Fischer uye kutsamira pamari yeSoviet kwakaishandura kuita imwe nhandare yehondo yeCold War..

Mamiriro acho ezvinhu akawedzera kuipa nokufamba kwemakore 80, apo mutungamiri weFIDE, Florencio Campomanes, muPhilippine ane hukama hwepedyo neUSSR, akaita zvisarudzo zvine nharo, nzira yekumisa mutambo pakati peKarpov naKasparov mukati 1984 by “kuneta mumuviri” yevatambi (chikonzero icho vazhinji vakaona sekuedza kutsigira Karpov, inotsigirwa neKremlin). FIDE kupatsanurwa: Kasparov uye mamwe masters makuru akatanga Sangano reVakuru (GMA), vachipikisa chiremera chemubatanidzwa. Kekutanga munhoroondo yayo, FIDE akatarisana nekumukira kwemukati kwakatyisidzira kuparadzanisa chess yenyika.

Kudonha kweBerlin Wall mukati 1989 kwakaratidza kuchinja. Nekuwa kweUSSR, FIDE yakarasikirwa nemubatsiri wayo mukuru uye sosi yayo huru yetarenda. Asi akawanawo chimwe chinhu chaakanga asingatarisiri: rusununguko. In 1995, muzvinabhizimisi weRussia Kirsan Ilyumzhinov - an eccentric millionaire aiti akapambwa nevatorwa - akasarudzwa mutungamiri weFIDE.. By mandate, izvo zvakatora kusvika 2018, yakaratidzwa nekuvandudzwa (sekusuma kwa rating Elo munguva chaiyo) uye nenyaya dzehuori. Ilyumzhinov akatamisa mahofisi makuru eFIDE kuGreece, ndokuzoenda kuSwitzerland, uye pakupedzisira kuRussia, tichitaurirana zvibvumirano nevadzvanyiriri vakaita saGaddafi muLibya, uyo akaronga World Championship 2004 pakati pezvirango zvepasi rose. FIDE, iyo yakaberekerwa kubatanidza chess, yakava chiratidzo chekudyidzana kwepasi pose kwakaipisisa: chipenyu chairarama nehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri, asi izvo zvakare zvakadzora mutambo, zvichiuunza kunyika dzakaita seAzerbaijan, India neChina, uko zvizvarwa zvitsva zvevatenzi vakuru zvinobudirira nhasi.

Kubva padhibhodhi kusvika kuzera redhijitari: Kuti FIDE akapukunyuka sei shanduko yehunyanzvi

Kana Cold War yaive yekutanga dambudziko reFIDE, shanduko yedhijitari yaive yechipiri. Pakupera kwe 90, Online chess yakatanga kufarirwa nemapuratifomu akadai Internet Chess Club (ICC) y Playchess, asi FIDE akanonoka kugadzirisa. Sezvo vatambi vakafamba online, Mubatanidzwa wainge uchiri wakatarisana nemakwikwi emu-munhu nehurongwa hwayo hwekare. Kurova kwekupedzisira kwakapinda 1997, rini Deep Blue, iyo IBM supercomputer, Akakunda Kasparov mumutambo wakaratidza kutanga kwenguva yehungwaru hwekugadzira muchess.. FIDE, dzokorora, akadzingwa: haana kudzora kushandiswa kweinjini dze chess mumakwikwi, haina kugadzira yayo yepamhepo chikuva uye, yakanyanya kuoma, akatadza kudzora rondedzero yemutambo.

Zvakanga zvakafanira kuti zana remakore rechi21 risvike kuti FIDE iite. In 2018, aimbove shasha yenyika Arkady Dvorkovich akatora chigaro chemutungamiri nechinangwa chakajeka: vandudza mubatanidzwa. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwake, FIDE yakatanga FIDE Online Arena, chikuva chepamutemo chekutamba online, uye yakamisa mitemo yakajeka yekushandisa chess injini mumakwikwi. Akakurudzirawo kubatanidzwa kwechess mumutambo Vechidiki Mitambo yeOlympic uye mu Mitambo yeAsia, tichiziva kuti ramangwana remutambo rakanga risiri mumakwikwi echinyakare chete, asi mukukwanisa kwayo kujairana nezvizvarwa zvitsva. Hoy, FIDE akatarisana nedambudziko idzva: kusimuka kwe nekukurumidza uye blitz chess, iyo inokwezva mamirioni evaoni pamapuratifomu seTwitch neYouTube, asi zvinounzawo kukakavara nekuda kwekushandiswa kweAI cheats. Maitiro ekugadzirisa mutambo wave kutambwa pamabhodhi emuviri uye masikirini, nevatambi vanobvira kuvana vari muzvikoro zvekumaruwa kusvika pavatambi vane mamiriyoni evateveri?

Mhinduro yeFIDE yanga isina kujeka. Kune rimwe divi, yakagamuchira hutsva: mu 2020, panguva yedenda, organised the Chess.com Global Championship, makwikwi epamhepo ane mibairo yekurekodha uye kutenderera mumitauro yakawanda. Kune rimwe divi, yakatamburira kuchengetedza kutonga pamusoro peecosystem iyo inowedzera zvinoenderana nemakambani akazvimirira akadai Chess.com y Lichess. Iko kunetsana pakati pechinyakare uye dhijitari inotsanangura FIDE nhasi: Inofanira kunge iri muchengeti wemitemo yechinyakare kana chikuva chinosimudzira chess sechitarisiko chepasirese??

Chess sechishandiso chekuchinja: FIDE mhiri kwebhodhi

Kuseri kwema scandals, kukakavara uye kuchinja kwemitemo, FIDE yakabata chinyararire asi chakadzama munzanga. Kubva makore 60, yakasimudzira zvirongwa chess muzvikoro, kunyanya munyika dzakaita seArmenia, apo mutambo uri chidzidzo chinosungirwa kubvira 2011. In 2012, akatanga chirongwa Chess muZvikoro, iyo nhasi inoshanda mune zvinopfuura 30 nyika, nezvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti chess inovandudza kuita kwedzidzo, kuisa pfungwa uye kugadzira muvana. Asi basa rake rinonyanya kushandura rave mumamiriro ezvinhu emakakatanwa uye kumucheto..

In 2018, FIDE yakabatana neUN pachirongwa chekuunza chess kumisasa yevapoteri muJoridhani neRebhanoni., kushandisa mutambo sechombo chekurapa uye kubatanidzwazve munharaunda. MuColombia, akashanda nehurumende kuita zvirongwa zvechess zvejeri, uko kubhejera kwakabetsera kuderedza kudzokorora utsotsi. Uye munyika dzakaita seIndia neAzerbaijan, yakasimudzira chess yevakadzi, kuputsa zvipingamupinyi zvetsika nekugadzira mhando dzakadai Hou Yifan y Zhansaya Abdulmalik, izvo nhasi zvinokurudzira mamiriyoni evasikana. Aya mapurojekiti anoratidza kuti FIDE, pasinei nekukanganisa kwayo, anzwisisa chimwe chinhu chinokosha: chess hausi mutambo chete, asi chishandiso chekusimudzira.

Zvisinei, dambudziko rayo guru munzvimbo iyi rinoramba riri kuenzana. Nepo nyika dzakaita seRussia, IUnited States neChina dzinotonga pasi rose, Nyika dzeAfrica neLatin America dzinorwira kumiririrwa. FIDE yakaedza kugadzirisa kusaenzana uku nemitambo yezonal uye mabhezari evatambi vanobva kunyika dzichiri kusimukira., asi mugwagwa wakareba. chess, uyo mufungidziro ndiwo mutambo unowanikwa zvakanyanya pasi rose (Iwe unongoda bhodhi nezvimedu), anoramba ari elitist mukuita: vadzidzisi vakuru vanouya, zvikuru, dzemhuri dzine zvekushandisa kubhadhara varairidzi uye nzendo dzekuenda kumakwikwi epasi rose. Inogona here FIDE kutyora kutenderera uku? Ramangwana rayo rinoenderana nekuti inokwanisa kuenzanisa basa rayo semutongi weelite chess nebasa rayo remagariro..

Ramangwana reFIDE: pakati pechivanhu nechimurenga

In 2024, FIDE akatarisana pamharadzano. Kune rimwe divi, chess haisati yave yakakurumbira zvakadaro: dzakatevedzana The Queen's Gambit (2020) zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwe 300% mukutengesa kwebhodhi, uye mapuratifomu akadai Chess.com report more than 100 miriyoni vanoshandisa. Kune rimwe divi, Mutambo uri kuchinja nekumhanya uko mubatanidzwa haugone kudzora. Artificial intelligence yakatsanangura kudzidziswa patsva, mitambo yepamhepo ine democratized access, uye manhamba akadai Magnus Carlsen y Hikaru Nakamura Vane simba kupfuura chero mutungamiri weFIDE. Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi, Ko mubatanidzwa unofanira kuita basa rei??

Mhinduro yacho inogona kunge iri munyaya yako. FIDE akazvarwa kuti abatanidze mutambo wakakamukana, vakapukunyuka Hondo Yemashoko kupfurikidza nokuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu, uye nhasi inofanira kuwana chiyero pakati pekuchengetedza essence yekirasi chess uye kugamuchira hunyanzvi. Mutungamiri wako anotevera, vakasarudzwa mukati 2026, uchafanirwa kuita sarudzo dzakakosha: Inofanirwa FIDE kugadzira yayo yekushambadzira chikuva kukwikwidza neTwitch? Iwe unofanirwa kudzora kushandiswa kweAI mumakwikwi, kunyangwe zvichireva kutsausa vatambi vadiki? Iwe unogona sei kuve nechokwadi chekuti chess inoramba iri mutambo unosanganisirwa munyika iri kuwedzera kusaenzana??

Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: FIDE haichakwanisi kungova mutongi wemitemo. Munyika umo chess uri zvese mutambo, a show, chishandiso chekudzidzisa uye chiratidzo chekuramba, mubatanidzwa unofanirwa kuve zambuko pakati pezvinhu izvi zvese. Nhaka yake huru haizove zita renyika kana makwikwi enhoroondo, asi kuratidza izvozvo, kunyange mumutambo 1500 makore, pane nguva dzose nzvimbo yekuzvivandudza iwe pachako.

Mhedziso: chess segirazi revanhu

Nhoroondo yeFIDE ndeye, munzira dzakawanda, nhoroondo yechess pachayo: mutambo wakapukunyuka humambo, hondo nekumukirana nekuti, kumashure, inomiririra yakanakisa uye yakaipisisa yevanhu. Mubatanidzwa wakaona nguva dzine mbiri-sekukunda kwaFischer mukati 1972, iyo yakabatanidza nyika yakakamukana—uye yedzimwe dzine rima—sezvinonyadzisa zvouori pasi peIlyumzhinov—. Asi kukosha kwake kukuru kuchengetedza chess mhenyu semutauro wepasirese., kukwanisa kubatanidza mwana muchikoro muArmenia nomurume akwegura mupaka muMedellín, kana kuti mupoteri mumusasa muJordan ane mukuru mukuru muNew York.

Hoy, apo hungwaru hwekugadzira hunotyisidzira kutsiva hunyanzvi hwevanhu uye masocial network fragment attention, FIDE ine mukana wakasarudzika: ratidza kuti chess hausi mutambo chete, asi dimikira kuupenyu. Mumutambo wega wega, pane zvidzidzo zvemazano, mwoyo murefu uye kutsungirira; mumakundano ese, chiyeuchidzo icho, kunyange mukukundwa, pane kukudzwa. Kana mubatanidzwa ukakwanisa kuendesa meseji iyi-pasina kuwira muhurumende kana mercantilism-, ipapo nhaka yake ichava yekusingaperi semutambo waanomiririra. Nokuti pakupedzisira, sezvakataura mudzidzisi mukuru Savielly Tartakower, “chess hupenyu mudiki”. Y FIDE, nezvikanganiso zvayo zvose, anga ari muchengeti wake akatendeka zvikuru.