Alongo a Polgár: momwe dziko la Hungary linasinthiratu masewera a chess azimayi

Chess wakhala gawo lolamulidwa ndi amuna kwazaka zambiri., koma m’zaka zaposachedwapa, dziko laling'ono ku Central Europe linatsutsa malingaliro onse: Hungary. Pamtima pa kusinthaku ndi hermanas Citizen, akazi atatu amene osati anasonyeza kuti luso alibe jenda, koma adafotokozanso malire a sayansi yamasewera. Judith, Zsuzsa ndi Zsófia Polgár sanali osewera apadera okha; zinali zotsatira za kuyesa kwapadera kwa maphunziro, kubetcherana kolimba mtima kuchokera kwa abambo ake, László Polgar, amene ankakhulupirira kuti luso silinabadwe, koma amalimidwa. Cholowa chake chimaposa masewera omwe adapambana: Ndi nkhani ya kupirira, luso komanso kugwetsa zotchinga m'dziko lomwe, mpaka pamenepo, Ndinatseka zitseko. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe alongo a Polgár adasinthira masewera a chess, Iwo analimbikitsa mibadwo ndipo anasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika pa mbiri ya masewera amisala ovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi..

El experimento Citizen: wanzeru kapena maphunziro?

Nkhani ya alongo a Polgár imayamba kalekale asanakhale pansi pamaso pa bolodi. bambo ake, László Polgar, katswiri wa zamaganizo waku Hungary ndi wophunzitsa, Iye ankakhulupirira kuti talente si mphatso yochokera kwa Mulungu, koma zotsatira za maphunziro mwadongosolo kuyambira ali mwana. Chiphunzitso ichi, kudziwika ngati “genius imapangidwa, osabadwa”, zidamupangitsa kuti apange njira yophunzirira kwambiri: kulera ana ake aakazi kukhala akatswiri a chess, mosasamala kanthu za jenda. Pa nthawi yomwe akazi adasiya maudindo achiwiri pamasewera, László adawona chess mwayi wowonetsa izi, ndi kukonzekera koyenera, mwana aliyense akhoza kuchita bwino.

Kuyesera kunayamba ndi Zsuzsa, wamkulu mwa alongo, amene ali ndi zaka zinayi adadziwa kale zoyambira. Iwo anamutsatira iye Sophia y Judith, wamng'ono kwambiri, yemwe ali ndi zaka zisanu zokha anali akupikisana kale m'mapikisano am'deralo. Njira ya Polgár inali yophatikiza maola ambiri tsiku lililonse, kuphunzira masewera akale, njira zothetsera mavuto ndi, pamwamba pa zonse, kumizidwa kwathunthu mu dziko la chess. Panalibe malo oti azisokoneza: maphunziro apamwamba anali kuwonjezeredwa ndi maphunziro apanyumba, pomwe chess inali yofunika kwambiri. Njira iyi, ngakhale zotsutsana, zinakhala zogwira mtima. Pamene alongowo anafika pa unyamata, Iwo anali kale ziwerengero zozindikirika pa dera la mayiko, kutsutsa agogo ndi kuswa mbiri.

Komabe, Kuyesera sikunali kopanda kutsutsidwa.. Ambiri ankakayikira mfundo za kulera atsikana atatu pansi pa ulamuliro wokhwima ngati umenewu., kutsutsana kuti anakanidwa ubwana wawo “zabwinobwino”. Ena ananena kuti chipambano cha a Polgárs chinali chifukwa chachikulu cha kutengeka mtima kwa atate awo osati chifukwa cha njira yotsanzirika.. Koma zoona zake n’zakuti László Polgár sanangophunzitsa akatswiri atatu okha, koma idayala maziko a njira yatsopano yomvetsetsa chitukuko cha talente. Cholowa chake chimadzutsa funso lofunika kwambiri: Kupambana kumadalira pati chilengedwe ndi mwambo, osati kuchokera ku luso lachilengedwe?

Zsuzsa, Zsófia ndi Judit: masitaelo atatu, cholinga chomwecho

Ngakhale alongo atatuwa adagawana maphunziro omwewo komanso chidwi cha chess, aliyense adapanga kaseweredwe kake, kuwonetsera umunthu wawo ndi njira zawo. Zsuzsa Polgár, wamkulu kwambiri, Ankadziwika chifukwa chamasewera ake komanso luso lake lochita masewera aatali, ovuta.. Maonekedwe ake adongosolo komanso oleza mtima adamulola kuti akhale mkazi woyamba kupeza mutu wa Grandmaster (GM) mu 1991, kupindula kumene kufikira pamenepo kunali kupezedwa kokha ndi anthu. Zsuzsa adachitanso bwino pamakalata a chess, kumene kuleza mtima kwake ndi kulondola kwake zinamupangitsa iye kulamulira kwa zaka zambiri.

Kwa inu, Zsófia Polgár, wapakati, Iye anali wolenga kwambiri mwa atatuwo.. Masewera ake anali odziwika ndi kutsegulidwa kosagwirizana ndi machitidwe achiwawa omwe adasokoneza adani ake.. Ngakhale kuti sanakwaniritse bwino lomwe ngati alongo ake, Zsófia adawonetsa kuti chess sichinali masewera owerengera chabe, komanso malingaliro. Masewera ake otchuka kwambiri, kupambana motsutsana ndi Russian GM Alexei Shirov mu 1989, Amakumbukiridwa ngati luso laukadaulo komanso kulimba mtima. Komabe, kusiyana pakati pa Zsuzsa ndi Judit, Zsófia adaganiza zochoka pamasewera ampikisano ali wachinyamata kuti akafufuze zokonda zina., zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti azigwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kujambula ndi kulemba.

Koma ngati alipo mlongo amene adapyola malire onse, zimenezo zinali Judit Polgár. Amawerengedwa ngati wosewera wabwino kwambiri wa chess m'mbiri, Judit sanangoposa alongo ake, koma anakhala mkazi yekhayo kulowamo pamwamba 10 dziko, gawo mpaka pamenepo losungidwa la amuna okha. Kalembedwe kake kanali kophatikiza kulondola mwanzeru komanso nkhanza zowerengeka., zomwe zinamupangitsa kugonjetsa nthano ngati Garry Kasparov, Vladimir Kramnik y Viswanathan Anand. Judit sanachite nawo mpikisano wamasewera azimayi, kutsutsa lingaliro lakuti akazi azidziyesa okha motsutsana ndi mzake. Cholowa chake ndi umboni wa talente, zikaphatikizidwa ndi malingaliro opikisana, akhoza kuswa chotchinga chilichonse.

Zotsatira za Polgárs pa chess ya azimayi

Chipambano cha alongo a Polgár sichinali chabe chipambano chaumwini, koma kusintha kwa chess ya azimayi padziko lonse lapansi. Asanawonekere, akazi mu chess ankawoneka ngati zosiyana, ndipo mipikisano ya akazi inkaonedwa ngati yotsika. A Polgárs adawonetsa kuti kusiyana kwa jenda mu chess sikunali kwachilengedwe, koma chikhalidwe: ndi kukonzekera komweko ndi mwayi, akazi akhoza kupikisana pa mlingo wapamwamba.

Chimodzi mwa zosintha zazikulu zomwe adalimbikitsa chinali kuchotsa zotchinga pamipikisano. Judit Polgár, makamaka, anakana kutenga nawo mbali m’mipikisano ya amayi okha, kutsutsana kuti vuto lenileni linali kuyeza ndi zabwino kwambiri, mosasamala kanthu za jenda. Udindo uwu unakakamiza International Chess Federation (FIDE) kupendanso kapangidwe ka mpikisano, kutsegula malo ambiri kuti amayi azipikisana mofanana. Hoyi, chifukwa cha chikoka chake, Ndizofala kuwona osewera ngati Hou Yifan (China) o Ju Wenjun (China) kupikisana nawo m'mipikisano yotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Komanso, A Polgárs adalimbikitsa m'badwo watsopano wa osewera a chess achikazi. Mayiko amakonda Russia, China, India ndi United States awona kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha amayi omwe akutsata chess yapamwamba kwambiri, ambiri a iwo akutchula alongo aku Hungary monga chitsanzo chawo. Ngakhale ku Hungary, Cholowa chake chapangitsa kuti masewera a chess ayambikenso, ndi achinyamata ngati Hoang Thanh Trang (ngakhale adachokera ku Vietnamese, Dziko la Hungary) kutsatira mapazi ake.

Koma chikoka chake chimapita kupyola matabwa.. Polgár inakhala zizindikiro za kupatsidwa mphamvu kwa akazi, kutsimikizira kuti akazi akhoza kuchita bwino m’magawo olamulidwa ndi amuna mwamwambo. Nkhani yake idaphunziridwa m'masukulu abizinesi ndi psychology monga chitsanzo cha momwe maphunziro ndi kutsimikiza kungagonjetse tsankho.. Ngakhale lero, zaka makumi angapo atayamba ntchito yawo, dzina lake limakhalabe lofanana ndi kupambana mu chess.

Cholowa choposa chess: maphunziro ndi kupatsa mphamvu

Zotsatira za alongo a Polgár zimaposa dziko la chess. Nkhani yake ndi nkhani yophunzira mu psychology yamaphunziro, maphunziro ndi chitukuko cha talente. László Polgár demostró que, ndi njira yokhazikika komanso kudzipereka kwathunthu, ndizotheka kuphunzitsa akatswiri m'munda uliwonse, ngakhale mu imodzi yovuta ngati chess. Njira iyi, kudziwika ngati “kuchita mwadala” (kuchita mwadala), yalandiridwa m'madera ena, kuyambira masewera mpaka nyimbo, ndipo yakhudza malingaliro amakono okhudza momwe kuchita bwino kumapangidwira.

M'dera la kupatsa mphamvu akazi, A Polgár ndi chitsanzo cha momwe angathyole denga lagalasi. Kupambana kwake kunakakamiza anthu kukayikira malingaliro osagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi pamasewera ndi sayansi.. Judit Polgár, makamaka, Adakhala chithunzi cha azimayi omwe akufuna kutchuka m'magawo olamulidwa ndi amuna.. Kusankha kwake kuti asapikisane nawo m'mipikisano ya akazi kunali kupanduka komwe kumatsutsana ndi miyambo yokhazikitsidwa, kutsimikizira kuti amayi safuna mipata yosiyana kuti atsimikizire kuti ali oyenera.

Komanso, alongo akhala akazembe a chess ngati chida chophunzitsira. Zsuzsa Polgár, Mwachitsanzo, wagwira ntchito pamapulogalamu ophunzitsa masewera a chess m'masukulu, kutsutsana kuti masewerawa amakulitsa luso monga kulingalira koyenera, kuleza mtima ndi luso. Ku Hungary, Chess ndi gawo la maphunziro a sukulu m'masukulu ambiri, zikomo mwa zina chifukwa cha chikoka chake. Ngakhale m'mayiko ena, monga Spain kapena United States, Zofananazo zachitika, inspiradas el model Polgár.

Koma mwina cholowa chokhalitsa cha alongowa ndi kuthekera kwawo kulimbikitsa ena kukwaniritsa maloto awo., mosasamala kanthu za zopinga. Nkhani yake ndi chikumbutso kuti talente, pamodzi ndi mwambo ndi chilakolako, akhoza kugonjetsa chopinga chilichonse. M’dziko limene akazi amakumanabe ndi mavuto m’mbali zambiri, The Polgár ndi nyali ya chiyembekezo ndi chitsanzo cha zomwe zingatheke mukamathyola nkhungu.

Mapeto: cholowa chimene chikhalapobe

Nkhani ya alongo a Polgár si nkhani yopambana mu chess. Ndi mbiri ya kuyesa kosintha maphunziro, kulimbana ndi tsankho la amuna ndi akazi komanso umboni wa mphamvu ya kupirira. Kuyambira kusuntha koyamba pa bolodi mpaka kudzipatulira kwawo ngati nthano zamasewera-sayansi, Zsuzsa, Zsófia ndi Judit adawonetsa kuti talente ilibe jenda ndi izi, ndi kukonzekera koyenera, malire amangomanga chikhalidwe.

Zotsatira zake pa chess ya azimayi ndizosatsutsika. Anaswa zotchinga, adalimbikitsa mibadwo ndikukakamiza dziko kuti liganizirenso tanthauzo la kupikisana pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Judit Polgár, makamaka, chinakhala chizindikiro cha kuchita bwino, kutsimikizira kuti mkazi akhoza kucheza ndi osewera abwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi popanda kuvomereza. Zsuzsa ndi Zsófia, aliyense mwa njira yake, Anabweretsa mawonekedwe awoawo ndi masomphenya, kulemeretsa cholowa cha banja.

Koma chikoka chake chimaposa 64 casilas. A Polgár ndi chitsanzo cha momwe maphunziro ndi chilango zingapangire tsogolo, ngakhale m’magawo amene chipambano chimawonekera kukhala cha anthu ochepa chabe. Mbiri yake yaphunziridwa m'mayunivesite, zotchulidwa m'mabuku a psychology ndikukondweretsedwa ngati chitsanzo cha kupatsa mphamvu kwa akazi. Hoyi, zaka makumi angapo atayamba ntchito yawo, Dzina lake likupitiriza kugwirizana ndi zatsopano ndi kusintha.

Cholowa cha alongo a Polgár chimakhala mwa mtsikana aliyense yemwe amakhala kutsogolo kwa bolodi, m'mayi aliyense amene amatsutsa zosagwirizana ndi malingaliro komanso kwa mphunzitsi aliyense amene amakhulupirira mphamvu yakuchita mwadala. Nkhani yake imatikumbutsa kuti malire sali mu luso lathu, koma mwa kufuna kwathu kuwaswa. Ndipo m'dziko lomwe limamenyerabe mwayi wofanana, Polgár ndi nyali yolimbikitsa, kutsimikizira izo, motsimikiza, genius alibe jenda.