Chess a me AI: ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana o ka naʻauao kanaka?

ʻO Chess ke aupuni o ka hoʻolālā maʻemaʻe no nā kenekulia., he duel naʻauao kahi e kū pono ai ka noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo ma luna o ka papa 64 casillas. Eia naʻe, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, Ua loaʻa i ka pāʻani kahi hoʻololi radical i alakaʻi ʻia e ka naʻauao hana, nā mīkini ʻenekini a me ka honua kikohoʻe. Ke kū nei mākou i ka pō o ke au kanaka i ka chess a i ʻole, ma ke kue, i ka hānau ʻana o kahi pae hou kahi e hui ai ka ʻenehana a me ke akamai kanaka e hana i kahi mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia? ʻO ka nīnau e kū nei he mea hikiʻole ke pale: E ʻike kākou i ka pāʻani hope loa?, he hoʻopaʻapaʻa e hōʻailona ana ma mua a ma hope o ka moʻolelo o ka pāʻani.

No ka pane ʻana i kēia nīnau, Pono e nānā i ke ʻano o ka ʻenehana i wehewehe hou i nā palena o ka chess, he aha kā lākou hana (a e pāʻani paha lākou) kanaka i kēia hanana hou, a inā hiki i ka pāʻani ke hōʻea i kahi kikoʻī kahi i loaʻa ʻole kahi lumi no ka hana hou.. Ke ʻimi nei kēia ʻatikala i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka chess mai nā manaʻo he nui: ka hopena o AI, ka ulu ana o na puka, ke kuleana o nā mea pāʻani kanaka a me ka hiki o ka pāʻani ke hiki i kahi ʻano “hemolele” manaʻo manaʻo.

ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka naʻauao: ka pau ana o ka chess kanaka?

He 11 Mei 1997, ua ʻike ka honua i kahi hanana kaulana: ka supercomputer Polū Polū Ua lanakila ʻo IBM i ka poʻokela honua iā Garry Kasparov ma kahi pāʻani ʻeono. ʻOiai ua hōʻailona kēia hanana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi au hou, ʻO ka mua wale nō ia o nā mea e hiki mai ana.. Hoy, nā ʻenekini chess like Iʻa kūʻai, Leela Chess Zero y AlphaZero Ua lawe lākou i ka pāʻani i nā pae kūpono ʻole. AlphaZero, hoʻomohala ʻia e DeepMind, ʻaʻole wale ia i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā ʻenekini kuʻuna maikaʻi loa, akā, ua hana ʻo ia ma ke aʻo ʻana mai ka ʻōpala, ʻaʻohe ʻike mua ma mua o nā lula kumu, i loko o ʻehā hola o ke aʻo ʻana.

He hopena koʻikoʻi kēia mana no ka nānā ʻana:

• ʻO ka make o nā puka “kanaka”: ʻO nā laina kuʻuna i koi mua ʻia i nā makahiki he ʻumi o ke aʻo ʻana e nā haku nui i kēia manawa ua wehe ʻia i nā minuke e AIs. ʻO nā puka e like me ka Palekana Sicilian o ka Ruy Lopez ua ʻimi ʻia i ka hohonu o 30 o 40 nā neʻe, waiho wahi liʻiliʻi no ka pīhoihoi.
• ʻO ka hopena o nā hewa “hiki ke pale aku”: Ua hōʻemi nui nā mīkini i ka helu o nā hewa i nā pāʻani kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka hoʻokûkû honua 2023 ma waena o Ding Liren a me Ian Nepomniachtchi, ka pākēneka o nā neʻe “hemolele” (e like me nā kūlana AI) ua oi aku i ka 95%, he moolelo moolelo.
• ʻO ka homogenization o ke ʻano: ʻO nā mea pāʻani kanaka, me ka ʻike e hiki ke hoʻopaʻi ʻia kekahi haʻalele ʻana mai ka laina kūpono, ua hoʻohana i kahi ʻano conservative ma muli o ka pololei, ka neʻe ʻana mai ka hana hoʻomāinoino i ʻike ʻia i nā mea pāʻani e like me Mikhail Tal a i ʻole Bobby Fischer.

Eia naʻe, ʻAʻole kēia manaʻo ua make ka chess kanaka. Ua wehe ʻo AI i nā puka hou, like chess 960 (o Fischer Random), kahi i waiho wale ʻia ai nā ʻāpana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pāʻani, ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i nā wehe a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke kukui i ka noʻonoʻo. Ma waho aʻe, ua lilo nā kaʻa i mea pono no ke aʻo ʻana, e ʻae ana i nā mea pāʻani e kālailai i kā lākou mau pāʻani me kahi hohonu hiki ʻole ma mua.

ʻO ka nīnau nui: Hiki iā AI ke hoʻololi i nā kānaka i ka chess? He paʻakikī ka pane. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻenekini i ka helu ʻana a me ka pololei, nele lākou i ka mana kanaka no ka intuition, psychology a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka manawa maoli i kahi hoa paio. pākuʻi, ma hope o nā mea āpau, He pāʻani nō ia ma waena o nā manaʻo ʻelua, a ʻo ka maopopo ʻole i loko o ke ʻano o ke kanaka ka mea e hoihoi ai.

Saturation manaʻo: Aia kekahi mea e ʻike ai??

ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa pinepine ʻana i ka chess o kēia wā ʻo ia ka hiki ʻana o ka pāʻani i kahi kiko o ka saturation theoretical., kahi i ʻimi ʻia ai nā laina āpau a ʻaʻohe wahi no ka hana hou. ʻAʻole kēia manaʻo hou: aia i ke kenekulia 19, ke kumu Geremania Adolf Andersen ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hiki ke chess “holo i waho” inā hoʻomau nā puka i ka hohonu. Eia naʻe, Ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hanauna nā ala e hana hou ai i ka pāʻani.

Hoy, ʻokoʻa ke kūlana. Ua loiloi nā ʻenekini Chess i nā miliona o nā pāʻani a hana i nā ʻikepili me nā loiloi pololei o kēlā me kēia kūlana. Nā papahana like Kahuakau o Lichess hiki i nā mea pāʻani ke komo i kēia ʻike i ka manawa maoli, ka mea i alakaʻi i kahi paradox: ka nui o kou ike, emi ka mea hou. Hōʻalo nā mea pāʻani Elite i nā pilikia kūpono ʻole, ke koho ʻana i nā laina “palekana” e hōʻemi ana i ka hewa.

Hōʻike kekahi mau laʻana i kēia ʻano:

• ʻO ka pale pale Berlin: Ua kaulana ʻo Vladimir Kramnik i kāna pāʻani me Kasparov ma 2000, ua noonooia keia wehe ana “luuluu” akā paʻa. Hoy, mahalo i nā ʻenekini, Ua ʻike ʻia he mea hiki ʻole ke lanakila ma ka lima o kahi mea pāʻani mākaukau maikaʻi., ʻo ia ka mea i alakaʻi ai i ke koho i makemake ʻia i nā pāʻani kiʻekiʻe.
• Ka Gambit a ka Moiwahine: ʻO kekahi o nā puka kahiko a mahalo nui ʻia, ua kālailai ʻia a hiki i ka manaʻo o nā laina nui “nā papa kuhikuhi”. Ua koho nā mea pāʻani e like me Magnus Carlsen i nā hoʻololi mua e pale i ka saturation.
• pāʻani kaʻa 960: I ka pane ʻana i ka saturation, Ua kaulana kēia ʻano. Ma ka holoi ʻana i ka wehe ʻana i ka memori, hoʻoikaika i nā mea pāʻani e noʻonoʻo mai ka neʻe mua, hoʻolaʻa hou i ke ʻano hana o ka pāʻani.

Akā, Ua pau maoli anei ka chess?? ʻO ka pane e pili ana i kāu wehewehe “mea hou”. Inā mākou e nānā i ka hana ʻana i nā wehe hou a i ʻole nā ​​laina theoretical, liʻiliʻi paha ka lumi no ka hoʻokele. Eia naʻe, ʻAʻole manaʻo wale ka chess: ʻo ia hoʻi ka pepehi ʻana, noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻololi. He mea pāʻani like Fabiano Caruana hiki ke hoʻopaʻanaʻau i nā haneli haneli, Akā ʻo ka mea e ʻokoʻa ai ʻo ia kona hiki ke mālama i ke kaomi a loaʻa nā kumuwaiwai i nā kūlana like ʻole..

Ma waho aʻe, Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo AI i nā manaʻo i noʻonoʻo ʻole ʻia e ke kanaka. ʻo kahi laʻana, i loko 2023, Iʻa kūʻai loaʻa kahi mea hou theoretical i ka Defensa Caro-Kann kahaha na kumu nui, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i loko o nā puka he haneli he wahi no ka pīhoihoi. Hōʻike kēia i kēlā, ʻoiai ua kokoke paha ka chess maʻamau i kona palena theoretical, e loaʻa mau kahi lumi no ka wehewehe hou ʻana a me ka noʻonoʻo.

ʻO ke kumu kanaka: he aha nā mea i koe no nā mea pāʻani?

I kahi honua kahi i hoʻomalu ai ʻo AI i ka nānā ʻana a me ka pololei, He aha ke kuleana o ke kanaka i ka chess o ka wā e hiki mai ana?? ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka pane, akā, aia kekahi mau wahi i hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia ke kūlana kanaka.

1. ʻO ka noʻonoʻo o ka pāʻani: ʻAʻole hoʻomaʻamaʻa helu wale ka chess; He duel noʻonoʻo nō hoʻi ia. Makemake nā mea pāʻani Magnus Carlsen ua hōʻike i ka hiki ke mālama i ke kaomi, ʻO ka heluhelu ʻana i nā manaʻo o ka hoa paio a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manawa nāwaliwali he mea nui ia e like me ka ʻike kumu.. Ma ka hoʻokûkû honua 2018, Ua lanakila ʻo Carlsen iā Caruana ma nā pāʻani pāʻani wikiwiki, ʻaʻole no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pono theoretical, akā, no ka mea, ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā aʻalolo o kona hoa paio i ka manawa koʻikoʻi.

2. ʻO ka noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo: ʻOiai hiki i nā moto ke helu i nā miliona o nā kūlana i kekona, nele lakou i ka hiki “e manao” he kūlana. Makemake nā mea pāʻani Hikaru Nakamura o Alireza Firouzja Kū lākou no ko lākou hiki ke loaʻa nā kumuwaiwai i nā kūlana chaotic, kahi ʻaʻole lawa ka loiloi maʻemaʻe. ʻO kēia intuition, hoʻomohala ʻia ma o nā makahiki o ka ʻike, He mea hiki ʻole iā AI ke hana hou..

3. Hoʻololi i ka manawa maoli: I ka pāʻani chess, Pono nā mea pāʻani e hoʻoponopono i kā lākou hoʻolālā ma ka lele, kekahi mea i hana ʻia e nā ʻenekini me ka paʻakikī. ʻo kahi laʻana, inā haʻalele ka hoa paio mai kahi laina manaʻo i ʻike ʻia, hiki i ke kanaka ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa a loaʻa i kahi hoʻonā noʻonoʻo, ʻoiai hiki ke noho ka ʻenekini “paa” i kāu waihona.

4. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona a me ka moʻolelo: ʻAʻole pāʻani wale ka chess; He haʻuki nō hoʻi a he mea nānā. Hāʻawi nā kānaka i ke keaka, hoʻopaʻapaʻa a me nā manawa poina ʻole e huki ai i ka poʻe hoʻolohe. ʻO ka pāʻani ma waena ʻO Bobby Fischer y ʻO Boris Spassky i loko 1972 ʻAʻole ia he duel chess wale nō., akā, he hōʻailona o ke Kaua anu. Hoy, hanana like me ka Kiʻi ʻAi ʻApelika a i ʻole ka ʻO ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokûkû kila Tata e hoʻomau i ka huki ʻana i nā miliona o nā mea nānā, mahalo nui i ke ʻano o nā mea pāʻani.

Eia naʻe, ʻO ka chess kanaka ke alo i nā pilikia. ʻO ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka ʻenehana no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana ua alakaʻi i kahi hanauna o nā mea pāʻani i hilinaʻi i nā kaʻa ma mua o ko lākou ʻano ponoʻī.. Ma waho aʻe, ʻO ke koʻikoʻi no ka hemolele ua ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka pāʻani, i kekahi mau hihia, emi iho ka hoihoi. e ola, pono e loaʻa i ka chess kanaka ke kaulike: e hoʻohana pono i nā mea hana ʻenehana me ka nalowale ʻole o kā lākou ʻano hana noʻonoʻo.

ʻO ka pāʻani hope loa: he moʻolelo a he mea hiki maoli paha?

ʻO ka manaʻo o a “pāʻani hope loa” ua hoihoi i nā mea pāʻani chess no nā makahiki. Loaʻa kahi kaʻina kūpono o nā neʻe e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka lanakila mai kinohi? ¿O, ma ke kue, ʻO Chess kahi pāʻani pau ʻole kahi e loaʻa mau ai kahi lumi no ka pīhoihoi?

Mai kahi manaʻo o ka manaʻo, He pāʻani pau ʻole ka chess: Loaʻa ka helu palena o nā kūlana kūpono (ʻoiai he kilo hōkū, manaoia ma 10^120). ʻO ia hoʻi, ma ke kumumanao, hiki ke loaʻa kahi pāʻani maikaʻi loa. Eia naʻe, a hiki i keia manawa, ʻaʻohe mea i hiki ke hōʻoia. Ua loaʻa i nā ʻenekini Chess nā laina e alakaʻi i nā kaha huki i nā puka he nui, ʻaʻole naʻe lākou i ʻike i kahi kaʻina e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka lanakila mai ka neʻe mua ʻana.

ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻimi:

• He “Pāʻani Make ʻole” (1851): ʻO ka pāʻani ma waena Adolf Andersen y Lionel Kieseritzky Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he haku hana noʻeau, akā, mamao loa ia mai ka hemolele. Hāʻawi ʻo Anderssen i nā ʻāpana i kahi ala kupaianaha, akā, hōʻike ka loiloi hou i nā hewa i pale ʻia e kahi mīkini.
• ʻO ka pāʻani Kasparov vs. Topalov (1999): ʻIke ʻia ʻo ka “Pāʻani Millennium”, Ua aʻo ʻia kēia hana o ka chess no kona hohonu hohonu, akā aia pū kekahi i nā hewa i hoʻoponopono ʻia e AI.
• ʻO nā papa kuhikuhi: I nā puka like Palena Petroff o ka Palekana Berlin, ua loaʻa i nā ʻenekini nā laina kahi hiki ʻole ke loaʻa ke keʻokeʻo, e manaʻo ana he pāʻani ka chess “kaha huki” ma kona ano maemae loa.

No laila, Hiki ke pāʻani hope loa? ʻO ka pane e pili ana i kāu wehewehe. Inā mākou e nānā i ke kaʻina o nā neʻe e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka lanakila mai kinohi, hiki ole ke ola, no ka mea, he pāʻani ka chess o ka ʻike kūpono a symmetric (loaʻa i nā mea pāʻani ʻelua nā manawa like). Eia naʻe, Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi pāʻani kahi e hoʻokō ai nā mea pāʻani ʻelua i nā neʻe “hemolele” e like me nā kūlana AI, no laila ʻae hiki, ʻoiai he pāʻani ʻoluʻolu a wānana, ʻaʻohe hewa a i ʻole kahaha.

ʻO ka mea nui paha, ka “pāʻani hope loa” ʻaʻole he kaʻina o nā neʻe, akā, he manaʻo noʻonoʻo: ka manawa e hiki ai ka chess i kona hōʻike kiʻekiʻe, kahi e hui ai ka ʻenehana a me ke akamai kanaka e hana i kekahi mea kū hoʻokahi. Ma keia manao, ke hana nei ka pāʻani hope loa, aole ma ka papa, akā ma ke ala e ulu ai ka pāʻani a hoʻololi i nā manawa hou.

Nā hopena: chess ma ka huina alanui

Aia ʻo Chess ma kahi alahele hoihoi. Ma kekahi lima, Ua hoʻololi hou ka naʻauao artificial i nā palena o ka pāʻani, lawe i ka pololei a me ka nānā ʻana i nā pae i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua. Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, ʻO nā kānaka nō ka poʻe protagonists, hāʻawi ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo, noʻonoʻo a me ka manaʻo i kahi pāʻani kēlā, i ole ia, he anu a me ka mechanical. ʻO ka nīnau inā mākou e ʻike i ka “pāʻani hope loa” ʻaʻohe pane maʻalahi, Akā hiki iā mākou ke huki i kekahi mau hopena maopopo.

ʻo ka mea mua loa, ʻOkoke ka chess maʻamau a hiki i kona palena theoretical. Ua ʻimi ʻia nā puka i kahi hohonu i manaʻo ʻole ʻia, a ua hoemi loa na enekini i ka palena no ka pihoihoi. Eia naʻe, ʻAʻole kēia manaʻo ua make ka pāʻani.: ua ulu wale. Nā ʻano like me ka chess 960 a i ʻole nā ​​pāʻani wikiwiki a blitz e hōʻike ana he wahi mau no ka hana hou, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pau ʻana o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻomanaʻo.

Ma kahi lua, ʻAʻole e pani ʻo AI i nā kānaka, akā, e hoʻololi ia i kāna kuleana. ʻAʻole wale nā ​​​​mea pāʻani o ka wā e hiki mai ana he poʻe loea i ka ʻepekema, akā, i loko o ka psychology, ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka noʻonoʻo. ʻO ka ʻenehana kahi mea hana ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka papa chess a i ʻole ka uaki i kona manawa, akā, e mau ana ke ʻano o ka pāʻani i ke kanaka: he duel o ka noʻonoʻo kahi i ʻike nui ʻia ai ka maopopo ʻole a me ka manaʻo e like me ka helu ʻana.

ʻO ka hope loa, ka “pāʻani hope loa” ʻaʻole ia he moʻolelo, akā, ʻaʻole ia he kaʻina o ka neʻe ʻana. He manaʻo i ka evolution mau, he noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka chess i nā loli ʻenehana a me ka moʻomeheu. ʻAʻole paha mākou e ʻike i kahi pāʻani maikaʻi loa ma ke ʻano koʻikoʻi, akā e ʻike mākou i nā manawa e piʻi ai ka pāʻani i nā kiʻekiʻe o ka nani a me ka hohonu, mahalo i ka hui ʻana ma waena o ke kanaka a me ka naʻauao.

ʻAʻole i kākau ʻia ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka chess, aka, hookahi mea maopopo: ʻoiai aia nā kānaka makemake e noho i mua o kahi papa, e ola ka pāʻani, ka hoʻokolo ʻana i nā palena o ka ʻike a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻano hana hou. ʻO ka pāʻani hope loa, hope loa, ʻAʻole ia he wahi, aka, he huakai.