UVladimir Raskovic: I-chess yokwelapha eyashintsha ingqondo

Enhliziyweni yeYurophu, lapho umlando kanye nokuqamba okusha kuhlangana khona, Kuvela umfanekiso wendoda ifa layo elidlula imingcele neziyalo. UVladimir Raskovic, udokotela wengqondo, Umdlali we-chess waseCroatia kanye nombono, akagcinanga ngokushiya uphawu olungacimekiyo kwezokwelapha nasemidlalweni yengqondo, kodwa futhi yashintsha indlela esiqonda ngayo ukwelapha nge-chess. Impilo yakho, okuphawulwa uthando lolwazi nokuzibophezela enhlalakahleni yomuntu, kuwubufakazi bendlela ukuphambana phakathi kwesayensi, ubuciko namasu kungaguqula izimpilo. Lesi sihloko sihlola umsebenzi ka-Rašković, kusukela ezimpandeni zayo eCroatia kuya ekunikeleni kwayo kokuphayona “chess yokwelapha”, ithuluzi namuhla elikhuthaza ochwepheshe bezempilo nabafundisi emhlabeni wonke. Ngomlando wayo, Sizothola ukuthi umdlalo wasendulo waba kanjani ibhuloho ekwelapheni nasekukhuleni komuntu siqu.

Iminyaka yokuqala: phakathi kwemithi nebhodi

UVladimir Rašković wazalelwa e 1935 phakathi Zagreb, Croatia, ngesikhathi lapho leli zwe liyingxenye yezwe elaliyiYugoslavia. kusukela esemncane, wabonisa ilukuluku lokufuna ukwazi ngezinkambu ezimbili ngokusobala ezingafani: umuthi kanye ne-chess. Ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe ezifundweni kwamholela ekubeni agxile kwezokusebenza kwengqondo, isiyalo ukuthi, ngaleso sikhathi, yayisiqala ukuhlola izindlela ezibanzi zokwelashwa kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Nokho, Kwakuwuthando lwakhe lwe-chess olwakha umbono wakhe oyingqayizivele. U-Rašković akazange abone umdlalo njengento elula yokuzilibazisa, kodwa njenge isingathekiso sempilo, lapho konke ukunyakaza kudinga ukuhlaziywa, ukubekezela namasu.

Phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokufunda, U-Rašković ugqame njengomdlali othembisayo we-chess, ukubamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni yasekhaya nekazwelonke. Kodwa ubizo lwakhe lwangempela lwavela lapho eqala ukusebenza ezibhedlela zabagula ngengqondo.. Laphaya, waphawula indlela iziguli ezinokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okunjengokugula kwengqondo noma ukucindezeleka ezibhekana ngayo nobunzima bokugxilisa ingqondo, ukwenza izinqumo noma ngisho nokuxhumana nabantu. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwaphakama umbuzo owawuzochaza umsebenzi wakhe.: Iyakwazi chess, ngesakhiwo sayo esinengqondo kanye nekhono layo lokuvuselela ingqondo, ube yithuluzi lokwelapha?

Lo mbono wawungemusha ngokuphelele. kuwo wonke umlando, izibalo like Benjamin Franklin Base bevele begqamisile izinzuzo zokuqonda ze-chess, kodwa uRašković waqhubeka. Esikhundleni sokuvele uncome umdlalo njengokuzivocavoca kwengqondo, waqala ukuthuthukisa a indlela ehlelekile ukuyihlanganisa ekwelapheni kwengqondo. Indlela yakhe yokwenza yayisekelwe ezinsikeni ezintathu:

• Ukukhuthazwa kwengqondo: I-Chess yaphoqa iziguli ukuthi zihlele, lindela imiphumela futhi uxazulule izinkinga, amakhono avame ukuthinteka ekuphazamisekeni kwengqondo.
• Ukusebenzelana komphakathi: Ukudlala nomphikisi kukhuthaze ukuxhumana nozwela, izici ezibalulekile ekwelashweni kweqembu.
• ukulawulwa kwemizwelo: Umdlalo wafundisa indlela yokuphatha ukukhungatheka, ukubekezela nokuqina, imizwelo iziguli eziningi ezalwela ukuyilawula.

U-Rašković akagcinanga nje ngethiyori mayelana nalezi zinzuzo, kodwa wakwenza emsebenzini Isibhedlela i-Psiquiátrico de Vrapče, eZagreb, lapho asebenza khona amashumi eminyaka. Ukuhlola kwakhe kokuqala, nakuba enesizotha, Babeka isisekelo salokho okwakuzokwaziwa kamuva ngokuthi “chess yokwelapha”.

I-Chess njengethuluzi lokuphulukisa: ithiyori ngemuva kwendlela

Yena “chess yokwelapha” Akukhona nje ukudlala i-chess endaweni yomtholampilo. U-Rašković wenza i- uhlaka lwethiyori nolusebenzayo eyayiyihlukanisa kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha zokuzilibazisa. Indlela yakhe yayisekelwe esisekelweni sokuthi i-chess, ukuba ngumdlalo wemithetho ecacile nezinjongo ezichaziwe, angasebenza njenge isibuko somqondo womuntu. Umdlalo ngamunye wawubonisa amaphethini okucabanga, imizwelo yabadlali namasu okubhekana nawo, okuvumela abelaphi ukuthi babone izindawo abangazithuthukisa futhi basebenze kuzo ngendlela ehlelekile.

Omunye wemiqondo eyinhloko yethiyori yakhe kwaba ukudluliswa kwamakhono. U-Rašković wagomela ngokuthi amakhono athuthukile ebhodini—njengokugxilisa ingqondo, inkumbulo noma ukwenza izinqumo-kungadluliselwa empilweni yansuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, Isiguli esifunde ukulindela umnyakazo wesimbangi saso ku-chess singasebenzisa lelo khono elifanayo ukuhlela izenzo zaso ezimweni zomphakathi noma zomsebenzi.. Ukukhombisa lokhu, U-Rašković udizayine uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ezivumelaniswe nokuphazamiseka okuhlukahlukene:

• Okweziguli ezinokukhathazeka: Igxile emidlalweni esheshayo ukufundisa indlela yokusingatha ingcindezi nokungaqiniseki.
• Okweziguli ezinokucindezeleka: Amageyimu anemithetho eyenziwe lula asetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza nokunciphisa imizwa yokukhungatheka..
• Okweziguli ezine-schizophrenia: Kwenziwa umsebenzi wokuhlonza amaphethini nokuvumelana ekuthathweni kwezinqumo., amakhono avame ukuthinteka kulesi sifo.

U-Rašković uphinde wethula umqondo we “i-chess elandisayo”, lapho iziguli zingadlali nje kuphela, kodwa baphinde bachaza imicabango nemizwa yabo phakathi nomdlalo. Lokhu kwavumela abelaphi ukuthi bahlaziye ukuthi iziguli zilucubungula kanjani ulwazi futhi zilawule imizwa yazo ngesikhathi sangempela.. Ngokwesibonelo, Isiguli esakhungatheka ngokulahlekelwa ucezu singaqondiswa ukuba sicabange ngendlela esasisingatha ngayo ukukhungatheka kwezinye izici zokuphila kwaso..

Ukuze uqinisekise indlela yakho, U-Rašković wenza izifundo zomshayeli namaqembu eziguli, ukuqhathanisa inqubekelaphambili yabo naleyo yamaqembu athola imithi yesintu. Imiphumela yayithembisa: Iziguli ezibambe iqhaza kumaseshini okwelapha chess zibonise ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo ku ukunaka, inkumbulo namakhono omphakathi, ngaphezu kokuncipha kwezimpawu ezinjengokunganaki noma ukucasuka. Lokhu okutholakele kudonse ukunaka komphakathi wezokwelapha wamazwe ngamazwe., ukubeka uRašković njengephayona emkhakheni we izindlela zokwelapha ezisekelwe emdlalweni.

El legado de Rašković: kusukela esibhedlela kuya esikoleni

Umthelela ka-Vladimir Rašković udlulele ngalé kwezindonga zeSibhedlela Sezengqondo SaseVrapče. Njengoba indlela yakhe yazuza ukuqashelwa, waqala ukusebenzisana namanyuvesi nezikhungo zocwaningo eYurophu naseLatin America, lapho i “chess yokwelapha” yahlanganiswa ezinhlelweni zokuqeqesha ongoti bezengqondo kanye nabelaphi bomsebenzi. Ku Croatia, Umsebenzi wakhe ugqugquzele ekwakhiweni kwama-workshops nezinhlangano ezizinikele ekukhuthazeni i-chess njengethuluzi lokufundisa nelokwelapha., ikakhulukazi ezikoleni nasezikhungweni zokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo.

Esinye sezigigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe kwaba ukushicilelwa kwencwadi yakhe “I-Chess ne-Psyche: Indlela yokwelapha” phakathi 1985. Kulo msebenzi, U-Rašković wahlela imibono yakhe futhi wethula amacala omtholampilo abonisa ukusebenza kahle kwendlela yakhe. Le ncwadi yaba ireferensi okufanele ube nayo kochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo abathanda izindlela ezintsha., futhi yahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningana, okuhlanganisa iSpanishi nesiNgisi. Kuyo, U-Rašković akachazanga nje kuphela izisekelo ze-chess yokwelapha, kodwa futhi wanikela iziqondiso ezingokoqobo ukuze isetshenziswe, kusukela ekukhethweni kwesiguli kuya ekuhlolweni komphumela.

Ngaphezu komsebenzi wakhe wezemfundo, U-Rašković usiza ukubungaza umvikeli ongakhathali yokufakwa kwe-chess ezinhlelweni zemfundo. Wakuphikisa lokho, njengasekwelapheni, I-Chess ingaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa amakhono okuqonda nawomzwelo ezinganeni nasebancane. Ngokubambisana noMnyango Wezemfundo waseCroatia, ikhuthaze ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ze-chess zangaphandle kwesikole ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi nezamabanga aphezulu. Lezi zinhlelo azigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwabafundi ezifundweni, kodwa baphinde baphromotha amanani anjengokuthi ukusebenza ngokubambisana, isiyalo nenhlonipho.

Ukuqashelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwangena 1992, ngenkathi u-Rašković emenywa ukuthi azokwethula indlela yakhe ku- I-World Congress of Psychiatry eRio de Janeiro. Isethulo sakho, enesihloko “I-Chess njengebhuloho phakathi kwengqondo nemizwelo”, kudale isasasa elikhulu phakathi kwababekhona, abaningi babo baqala ukusebenzisa amasu abo emazweni abo. Eminyakeni elandelayo, yena “chess yokwelapha” kwandiswe emitholampilo ngo Spain, E-Argentina, EMexico nase-United States, lapho kwaguqulwa khona ukuze kuhambisane nezimo ezihlukene zamasiko kanye nezidingo zomtholampilo.

Nokho, Ifa lika-Rašković alikhawulelwe endleleni yakhe. Indlela yayo yokuhlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene—ehlanganisa ukwelapha kwengqondo, i-psychology ne-chess—zabeka izisekelo zendlela entsha yokuqonda ukwelashwa. Hoy, Umsebenzi wakhe ucashunwe ezifundweni ezithi i-neuroplasticidad, ukuvuselelwa kwengqondo kanye nokwelashwa okungezona ezemithi, okufakazela ukuthi umbono wakhe wawungaphambi kwamashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe.

I-chess yokwelapha namuhla: izicelo kanye nezinselele

Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu uVladimir Rašković esungule indlela yakhe, yena “chess yokwelapha” iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka futhi ivumelane nentuthuko kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Okwamanje, Leli thuluzi lisetshenziswa ezimweni eziningi ezahlukahlukene, kusuka izibhedlela zabagula ngengqondo kanye nezikhungo zokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo ngisho nezikole, amajele nezindawo zokunakekela asebekhulile. Ikhono layo lokubhekana nezidingo ezihlukahlukene, noma ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwengqondo ezigulini ezine-Alzheimer's, khuthaza ukuhlalisana kwabantu abane-autism noma unciphise ingcindezi ezindaweni zokusebenza.

Enye yentuthuko yakamuva ukuhlanganiswa kwe-therapeutic chess ne ubuchwepheshe bedijithali. Izinkundla eziku-inthanethi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zivumela abelaphi ukuthi baklame izikhathi eziqondene nawe, ukuqapha ukuqhubeka kweziguli futhi uvumelanise izinto nezidingo zazo ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi Spain, iphrojekthi “I-Chess kanye Nempilo Yengqondo” isebenzisa isofthiwe ekhethekile ukuze ihlaziye amaphethini emidlalo eziguli futhi ikhiqize imibiko enemininingwane esiza ochwepheshe balungise ukungenelela kwabo. Lokhu kudijithali kwenze kwaba lula ukufinyelela ku-therapeutic chess ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma ezindaweni ezinezinsiza ezilinganiselwe., lapho ukuntuleka kwabelaphi abakhethekile kungaba isithiyo.

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, i-chess yokwelapha nayo ibhekana nezinselele. Enye yezinto eziyinhloko yi- ukuntuleka kokulinganisa esicelweni sakho. Nakuba u-Rašković abeka izisekelo zethiyori, umelaphi ngamunye noma isikhungo sivumelanisa indlela nengqikithi yayo, okungadala ukuhluka emiphumeleni. Ukubhekana nalokhu, izinhlangano ezifana ne I-International Therapeutic Chess Federation (I-IFTC) Basebenzela ekwakhiweni kwezivumelwano nezitifiketi eziqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokuvumelana kokungenelela.

Enye inselele yile ukumelana noshintsho kweminye imikhakha yemithi yesintu. Nakuba izifundo eziningi zisekela ukusebenza kwe-chess yokwelapha, abanye ochwepheshe basakubona njengokuphelelisa, esikhundleni sokwelapha okuyinhloko. Ukuze unqobe lo mgoqo, Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokukhiqiza ubufakazi besayensi obukhombisa umthelela wako. Ngalo mqondo, Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi i-chess yokwelapha ingakwazi:

• Thuthukisa i- inkumbulo yokusebenza phakathi ku 20-30% ezigulini ezinokukhubazeka okuncane kwengqondo.
• Yehlisa izimpawu ze ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka phakathi ku 40% entsheni.
• Khulisa i- ukuzethemba kanye nogqozi kubantu abakhubazekile ngokomqondo.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-chess yokwelapha ithole i-niche emkhakheni we imfundo ebandakanyayo. Emazweni afana I-Argentina ne-Uruguay, sezenziwe izinhlelo ezikoleni zezingane ezinezidingo zemfundo ezikhethekile, lapho i-chess isetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuthuthukisa ukugxila, ukuxazulula izinkinga nokuhlanganiswa komphakathi. Lezi zinhlelo azizuzi abafundi kuphela, kodwa futhi uqeqeshe othisha ngamasu amasha okufundisa.

Ikusasa le-chess yokwelapha libonakala lithembisa, ikakhulukazi ngentshisekelo ekhulayo ku izindlela zokwelapha ezingezona ezemithi kanye nezindlela eziphelele zempilo yengqondo. Nokho, Impumelelo yayo izoncika ekhonweni lomphakathi wesayensi nochwepheshe ukusebenzisana, ukusungula nokusabalalisa izinzuzo zayo. Ngalo mqondo, Ifa lika-Rašković lihlala liwumthombo wogqozi, esikhumbuza lokho, ngezinye izikhathi, Izixazululo eziphumelela kakhulu zingatholakala ezindaweni ezingalindelekile, njengebhodi le-chess.

Iziphetho: ifa elidlula ibhodi

Impilo nomsebenzi we UVladimir Raskovic Ziwubufakazi bamandla okuguqula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemikhakha. Kusukela esiqalweni esiphansi e-Zagreb kuya ekubonweni kwamazwe ngamazwe, URašković ukhombisile ukuthi i-chess akuwona nje umdlalo, kodwa eyodwa ithuluzi lokuphulukisa, ukufunda nokukhula komuntu siqu. Indlela yakho, yena “chess yokwelapha”, yaguqula indlela esiqonda ngayo ukwelapha, ukuhlanganisa i-logic yebhodi nezidingo ezingokomzwelo nezengqondo zeziguli.

Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, Sihlole ukuthi u-Rašković uhlanganise kanjani uthando lwakhe lwengqondo ne-chess ukuze akhe indlela ehlukile namuhla ezuzisa izinkulungwane zabantu emhlabeni jikelele.. Kusukela ekuhloleni kwakhe kokuqala e-Vrapče Psychiatric Hospital kuya ekwandiseni indlela yakhe emhlabeni jikelele, Ifa lakhe liyaqhubeka kuwo wonke umdlalo odlalelwa izinjongo zokwelapha., kuyo yonke ingane efunda ukugxila ngenxa ye-chess nakuso sonke isiguli esithola indlela yokululama ebhodini.

Nokho, Umsebenzi kaRašković usishiya nesifundo esijulile: ukubaluleka kokubheka ngale kwemingcele evamile. Ezweni lapho imithi kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo kuvame ukuhlukaniswa kwaba yizici eziqinile, Indlela yakhe isikhumbuza ukuthi izixazululo eziphumelela kakhulu zivame ukuvela ekuhlanganeni phakathi kwezifundo.. I-chess yokwelapha akuyona nje indlela, kodwa uphawu lokuthi ubuciko kanjani, isayensi namasu kungahlangana ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimpilo.

Hoy, njengoba i-chess yokwelapha iqhubeka nokuvela ngobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza, kubalulekile ukuhlonipha umoya ka-Rašković wokuphayona. Lokhu akusho nje ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga nokusabalalisa izinzuzo zayo, kodwa futhi ukhuthaze ukusungula nokusebenzisana phakathi kochwepheshe abavela emikhakheni ehlukene. Esikhathini lapho impilo yengqondo iseqhulwini emhlabeni jikelele, Ifa lika-Rašković lisimema ukuthi sihlole izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha, funda futhi uxhumane, njalo ngeso lekusasa.

Kafushane, UVladimir Rašković akekho yedwa owaba ne-psychiatra, umdlali we-chess noma umdali wezindlela zokwelapha. Kwakuyi-a onombono owayekwazi ukubona okungaphezu komdlalo ku-chess: ithuba lokuguqula izingqondo, imizwa kanye, ekugcineni, izimpilo. Indaba yakhe isikhumbuza lokho, ngezinye izikhathi, Izimpendulo zezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zingatholakala ezindaweni ezingalindelekile kakhulu, njenge 64 izikwele zebhodi.