Chess prodigies: ithalente noma ukuqeqeshwa okuzelwe?

Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, I-Chess ithathe izigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele, hhayi nje njengomdlalo wamasu, kodwa futhi njengenkundla lapho kuvela khona ama-prodigies akwazi ukubekela inselele imikhawulo yobuhlakani bomuntu.. Amagama afana noBobby Fischer, UMagnus Carlsen noJudit Polgár baqhubekisele phambili inkolelo-ze yokuthi abanye abadlali bazalwa benesiphiwo sokuzalwa., ikhono cishe elingaphezu kwemvelo ukuqonda ibhodi. Kodwa, zikhona ngempela “chess prodigies” noma ziwumphumela wokuqeqeshwa ngendlela, isiyalo sensimbi nendawo ekahle?

Lo mbuzo uye wadala izimpikiswano phakathi kososayensi, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo nabaqeqeshi, futhi impendulo ayilula njengoba kubonakala. Nakuba ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhono okuqonda, Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi i-chess ingumdlalo wengqondo lowo, njenganoma yimuphi omunye, Iphethwe ngokuzijwayeza nokuzinikela. Kulesi sihloko, Sizohlola umsuka walesi simo, ukuhlaziya yonke into kusukela ezicini zebhayoloji kuya ezindleleni zokuqeqesha eziguqule abantu abafayo baba ompetha bomdlalo. Sizothola ukuthi ithalenta liyisipho kusukela ekuzalweni noma uma, Ngokuphambene nalokho, Kuyisithelo somzamo oqhubekayo noqondiswa kahle.

Inganekwane yethalente azalwe nalo: ithini isayensi?

Amashumi eminyaka, Umbono wokuthi ogogo be-chess bazalwa benesimo sofuzo uye wamukelwa kabanzi. Nokho, isayensi yesimanje iye yabekela lenkolelo inselele, okufakazela ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu buthambile kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Ucwaningo olwenziwe isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Anders Ericsson, iphayona kuthiyori ye “ukwenza ngamabomu”, basikisela ukuthi ithalenta akuyona into enqumayo, Kodwa okubalulekile ngempela izinga kanye nenani lokuqeqeshwa.

U-Ericsson nethimba lakhe bahlaziye abaculi, abasubathi nabadlali be-chess, ukuphetha ngokuthi labo abafinyelela emazingeni aphezulu abakwenzanga lokho ngenxa yesiphiwo esingokwemvelo, kodwa ukuqongelela okungenani 10.000 amahora wokuzijwayeza okugxilile ngaphambi kwe 20 iminyaka. Endabeni ye-chess, Lokhu kuhumushela ekuxazululeni izinkulungwane zezinkinga zamaqhinga, funda imidlalo ye-grandmaster futhi uqhudelane emiqhudelwaneni kusukela esemncane. Kodwa, Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngubani angaba yisidlakela ngokuqeqeshwa okwanele?

Hhayi impela. I-Genetics inomthelela ezicini ezifana nenkumbulo yokusebenza, ikhono lokugxila kanye nesivinini sokucubungula, amakhono abalulekile ku-chess. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe kujenali Ubuhlakani phakathi 2016 ithole ukuthi abadlali be-elite bavame ukuba nokuminyana okuphezulu kwento empunga ezindaweni zobuchopho ezihlobene nokuhlela nokwenza izinqumo. Nokho, Lezi zici azigcini nje kuma-prodigies: ingathuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okuhlukanisa othisha abakhulu akukona kakhulu ufuzo lwabo njengekhono labo thuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa kwakho futhi ugcine ugqozi njalo.

Esinye isici esiyinhloko ipulasitiki yobuchopho. i-chess, ukuba ngumdlalo odinga izinga eliphezulu lokuzibamba, ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kokuxhumana okusha kwe-neural. Ucwaningo olwenziwe eNyuvesi yaseKonstanz (EJalimane) ibonise ukuthi abadlali be-chess bathuthukisa ikhono elikhulu lokubona amaphethini okubukwayo futhi balindele ukunyakaza, amakhono aqina ngokuzijwayeza. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi, nakuba abanye bengase babe nesiqalo, ubuchopho buzivumelanisa nezimo futhi buthuthuke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiqalo.

Iqhaza lemvelo: Indlela imvelo ebumba ngayo izinto ezinhle

Nakuba izakhi zofuzo nokusebenza kubalulekile, Indawo lapho umdlali we-chess ekhulela khona ingaba yisici esinqumayo esibaqhubela ekubeni nobukhulu. Ngokomlando, ama-prodigies amaningi avele emindenini lapho i-chess yayiyingxenye eyinhloko yokuphila kwabo. Ngokwesibonelo, odade bakwaPolgár (Judith, USusan kanye no Sofia) Bafundiswa kusukela 3 iminyaka ngoyise, I-László Polgar, owayekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ubuhlakani akazalwanga, kodwa umphumela wemfundo ekhethekile. Indlela yakho, ngokusekelwe ekucwilisweni kokuqala kanye nokuncintisana okuqhubekayo, kuholele kubadlali abathathu abahamba phambili emlandweni.

Leli cala alihlukanisiwe. Magnus Carlsen, umpetha womhlaba wamanje, wafunda ukudlala 5 iminyaka ebonga uyise, othanda chess owamfundisa imithetho eyisisekelo. Nokho, okwenza umehluko ngempela kwakuwukuthola izinsiza: izincwadi, isofthiwe yokuhlaziya, imiqhudelwano yendawo kanye, kamuva, abaqeqeshi abangochwepheshe. Imvelo ayinikezi amathuluzi kuphela, kodwa futhi nogqozi nokusekelwa ngokomzwelo okudingekayo ukuze uphikelele.

Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-University of Oxford ku 2018 kuhlaziywe 500 abadlali elite futhi bathola ukuthi 80% yazo wayekade evezwe ku-chess ngaphambi komdlalo 6 iminyaka, kanye ne 90% Babephuma emindenini lapho okungenani oyedwa wabazali enolwazi lwalo mdlalo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi isimo somkhaya sisebenza njengesisusa, ukusheshisa inqubo yokufunda nokunciphisa ijika lobunzima.

Kodwa indawo ezungezile ayigcini nje ekhaya. Amazwe afana neRussia, I-India ne-China bakhiqize inani elilinganiselwe lothisha abakhulu ngenxa yezinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezihlelekile, izikole ezikhethekile nesiko elazisa i-chess njengomdlalo wobuhlakani. Ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union, Ngokwesibonelo, i-chess yayiyingxenye yezifundo zesikole, kanye nezingane ezinamakhono zahlonzwa futhi zaqeqeshwa kusukela zisencane. Le ndlela ehlelekile ikhombisa lokho, nezimo ezifanele, ithalente lingatshalwa ngezinga elikhulu.

I-psychology ngemuva kwempumelelo: ngaphezu kokuhlakanipha

I-Chess akuwona nje umdlalo we-logic kanye namasu; Kubuye kube yimpi engokwengqondo lapho ukumelana kwengqondo, Ukulawula ingcindezi kanye nekhono lokufunda ngokuqhubekayo kwenza umehluko. Ama-prodigies amaningi awavelele kuphela ku-IQ yawo, kodwa ngeyakhe ukukhula kwengqondo, umqondo owasungulwa isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uCarol Dweck. Ngokwalo mbono, abantu abakholelwa ukuthi amakhono abo angathuthukiswa ngomzamo (ukukhula kwengqondo) maningi amathuba okuthi bathole impumelelo kunalabo abacabanga ukuthi ithalente lilungisiwe (umqondo ogxilile).

Isibonelo esicacile yileso sikaViswanathan Anand, Owake waba ngumpetha womhlaba waseNdiya, othi ukuphumelela kwakhe akubanga yisiphiwo azalwa naso, kodwa emandleni abo okufunda ekuhlulweni. U-Anand ukhulume ezingxoxweni eziningi ukuthi umdlalo ngamunye olahlekile bekuyithuba lokuhlaziya amaphutha akhe nokwenza ngcono.. Lesi simo sengqondo siphambene nesabadlali abanjalo, lapho sibhekene nokwehluleka, bayadikibala balahle, ukukholwa lokho “Abazalelwanga lokhu”.

Esinye isici esibalulekile esingokwengqondo ukubekezelela ukukhungatheka. I-Chess ngumdlalo lapho ukunqotshwa kungenakugwema, ngisho kokuhle. Ama-Prodigies awagonyiwe emaphutheni, kodwa sebesungule izindlela zokuyilawula. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ku Imingcele kuPsychology phakathi 2020 kuhlaziywe 200 abadlali abasezingeni eliphezulu futhi bathola ukuthi labo abanokuqina okukhulu ngokomzwelo babe ne 30% ngaphezu kwalokho okungenzeka ukugcina ukusebenza okuphezulu esikhathini eside. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, esikhundleni sokuzicabangela ukwehluleka, gxila kuzo njengengxenye yenqubo yokufunda.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, i ugqozi lwangaphakathi idlala indima ebalulekile. Abadlali abajabulela inqubo yokuthuthukisa, ngale kwemiphumela, bavame ukuphikelela isikhathi eside. Bobby Fischer, omunye prodigies edume kakhulu emlandweni, Ngichithe amahora ngihlaziya imidlalo ukuze nje ngijabulele ukuthola imibono emisha. loluthando, kuhlanganiswe nesiyalo esicishe sibe yizigqila, Yikona okwamholela ekubeni enze i-chess esemncane.. Nokho, Kuphinde kube yisikhumbuzo sokuthi impumelelo ku-chess ayiqinisekisi inhlalakahle engokomzwelo., njengoba ukuphila kwakhe kwakamuva kwabonisa.

Indlela ngemuva kwe-prodigies: ukuqeqeshwa vs. ugqozi

Uma ithalente linganele futhi imvelo iyingxenye ye-equation, Yini eyenza abanye abadlali bafinyelele amazinga angaphezu kwawomuntu kuyilapho abanye bewela endleleni?? Impendulo ilele ku- indlela yokuqeqesha. Ama-Prodigies awagcini nje ngokudlala imidlalo eminingi kunabanye; Bakwenza ngendlela ehlelekile, ukugxila ebuthakathakeni babo futhi bahlale befuna izinselelo ezibakhipha endaweni yabo yokunethezeka.

Enye yezinsika zokuqeqeshwa kwe-elite ukwenza ngamabomu, umqondo owedlula ukudlala nje imidlalo. Iqukethe:

• Ukuhlaziya umdlalo: Funda imidlalo yakho neyabanye abantu ukuze ubone amaphutha namaphethini avelayo.
• Ukuxazulula izinkinga ngobuchule: Sebenza ekubaleni nasekuboniseni umzimba, njengalezo ezitholakala ezincwadini ezifana 1001 Ukuzivocavoca Kwe-Chess Kwabaqalayo o amapulatifomu afana neChess.com.
• Ukuqeqesha nezimbangi ezinamandla: Dlala ngokumelene nabaphikisi bezinga eliphezulu ukuze uziveze emibonweni emisha namasu.
• Ukulungiswa kokuvuleka: Bamba ngekhanda imigqa yetiyori futhi uqonde izinhlelo ezingemuva kokuhluka ngakunye.
• Ukulingisa ingcindezi: Zilolonge ezimweni zomqhudelwano, ngesikhathi esilinganiselwe kanye nokucindezeleka okulawulwayo.

Isibonelo sale ndlela esikaFabiano Caruana, kubani ku 14 iminyaka asevele eyinikezele 6 amahora nsuku zonke ku-chess, ihlukaniswe phakathi kocwaningo lwetiyetha, imidlalo esheshayo nokuhlaziya nomqeqeshi wakho. Leli zinga lokuzinikela akulona iphutha: othisha abakhulu abagcini ngokuqongelela amahora, kodwa bawasebenzisa kakhulu, usebenzisa amathuluzi afana nezinjini ze-chess (I-Stockfish, Leela Chess Zero) ukulungisa amaphutha akho ngokunemba kokuhlinzwa.

Kodwa ukuqeqeshwa akugcini kwezobuchwepheshe. Ama-prodigies nawo ayathuthuka izindlela zokuzilungiselela ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Magnus Carlsen, Ngokwesibonelo, kufaka phakathi izikhathi ze-yoga nokuzindla ekuqeqeshweni kwakho ukuze uthuthukise ukugxila kwakho, kuyilapho u-Hikaru Nakamura ekhulume ngokukhululekile ngokubaluleka kokulala nokudla ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kahle. Lokhu kukhombisa lokho, ku-chess yesimanje, impumelelo incike kukho kokubili ukulungiswa kwengqondo kanye namasu.

Nokho, kunesici esingakwazi ukufundiswa: i ubuhlakani. Abadlali abafana noMikhail Tal noma uGarry Kasparov bagqama hhayi nje ngokunemba kwabo, kodwa ngenxa yekhono labo lokuthola izixazululo ezingalindelekile ezikhundleni ezibonakala zilingana.. Le nhlansi yobuhlakani kunzima ukuyilinganisa, kodwa kuvela ekuhlanganisweni kokuqeqeshwa okuphelele kanye nengqondo evulekile kuye ekuhloleni. Ngamanye amazwi, ugqozi alufiki ngaphandle kokujuluka.

Iziphetho: Ingabe i-chess prodigies izalwa noma yenziwa??

Ngemva kokuhlaziya izici zofuzo, ezemvelo, izici ezingokwengqondo nezendlela ezizungeze i-chess prodigies, Impendulo yombuzo wokuqala ayiphelele., sino inhlanganisela yazo zombili izakhi. Ngeke kuphikwe ukuthi abanye abadlali baqala ngezinzuzo ezithile, njengomthamo wenkumbulo omkhulu noma ukuthambekela kokugxilisa ingqondo. Nokho, Lezi zici azinqumeli ngokwazo.: ngaphandle kwendawo evuselelayo, umkhuba wamabomu kanye nengqondo eqinile, Ngisho nethalente elithembisa kakhulu lingawela eceleni.

Isayensi ibonise ukuthi ingqondo yomuntu iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi ithuthuke ngokuqeqeshwa, futhi i-chess iyisibonelo esicacile salokhu. Abadlali abafana noMagnus Carlsen noma uJudit Polgár abafikanga esicongweni ngenxa yesipho somlingo, kodwa iminyaka yokusebenza kanzima, ukwesekwa komndeni kanye nokuthatheka ngokuphelelisa yonke imininingwane. Lokhu akusho ukuthi noma ubani angaba ngumpetha womhlaba ngomzamo owenele., kodwa yebo ithalente ngaphandle kokuziphatha akuvamile ukuthi lifinyelele amandla alo aphelele.

Ekugcineni, Ama-Chess prodigies awumphumela we-equation eyinkimbinkimbi lapho izakhi zofuzo zinikeza impahla eluhlaza, imvelo inikeza amathuluzi, IPsychology yakha amandla engqondo futhi indlela iguqula konke lokhu kube ubuhle. Njengoba uthisha omkhulu uSavielly Tartakower wake washo: “I-Chess iwubuciko bokuhlaziya”. Y, njengabo bonke ubuciko, kudinga kokubili ugqozi nomjuluko. Ngokuzayo lapho ubona ingane 10 iminyaka ehlula umuntu omdala onolwazi, khumbula lokho ngemuva kwalokho “ubuhlakani” kukhona amahora okufunda, izinyembezi zokukhungatheka nothando oludlula okujwayelekile.

Ngakho, Ingabe i-chess prodigies izalwa noma yenziwa?? Iqiniso liwukuthi zenziwa, kodwa ngesisekelo lokho, kwezinye izimo, ingalula indlela. Okubalulekile akukhona ukuthi ithalente lizalwa noma liyatholwa., kodwa ukuthi siyikhulisa kanjani nokuthi senzani ngayo.