Ompetha bomhlaba be-chess abaguqule umlando

i-chess, lowo mdlalo 64 izikwele eziphonse inselelo isintu iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu ayishumi nanhlanu, Akuyona nje into yokuzilibazisa. Kuyinkundla yempi lapho ingqondo ibhekana khona, lapho isu likalwa ngokumelene nokubekezela, nalapho ompetha bomhlaba beshiye khona amamaki angasuki emlandweni. Kusuka ku-Wilhelm Steinitz, umpetha wokuqala osemthethweni, kuMagnus Carlsen, i-Nordic prodigy echaze kabusha ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba ngohamba phambili, ngalinye lalawa ma-titans liwuthathele phezulu umdlalo. Kodwa, yini eyenza bahluke? Ingabe ikhono lakho nje lokubala okuhlukile okungenakwenzeka, noma kukhona okujulile emlandweni wakhe? Lesi sihloko sihlola impilo, imidlalo namafilosofi ompetha bomhlaba be-chess, ukwembula izimfihlo ezazenza izinganekwane.

Ukuzalwa kwesihloko: Wilhelm Steinitz kanye nenguquko yesikhundla

Ngaphambi kukaWilhelm Steinitz, I-Chess kwakuwumdlalo wokuhlasela okumangalisayo nokuzidela okumangalisayo. Abadlali benkathi yothando, njengo-Adolf Anderssen, Babekholelwa ukuthi ubuhle benhlanganisela bubaluleke kakhulu kunomphumela wokugcina. Pero Steinitz, umJuda wase-Austria owathuthela e-United States, kwashintsha konke lokho. Ku 1886, Uthweswe umqhele wokuba ngumpetha womhlaba wokuqala osemthethweni ngemuva kokuhlula uJohannes Zuketort emdlalweni oyingqophamlando. Ukunqoba kwakhe kwakungeyona nje impumelelo yomuntu siqu, kodwa ukuzalwa kwenkathi entsha: i-positional chess.

USteinitz wethula imiqondo namuhla ebonakala iyisisekelo, kodwa ngesikhathi sabo babengabavukeli. Ukhulume ngokubaluleka kokulawulwa kwesikhungo, yesakhiwo se-pawn, nokuthi inzuzo encane ingaba kanjani ukunqoba ngokubekezela. Isisho sakhe esidumile, “Inkosi iyisiqephu esiqinile”, wafingqa indlela yakhe: esikhundleni sokubheka umlingani osheshayo, kuncanywe ukuqongelela izinzuzo ezincane kuze kube yilapho imbangi iwa. Nokho, Ifa lakhe lalingelona nje ithiyori kuphela. USteinitz ubonise ukuthi i-chess ingaba umdlalo wokucabanga, hhayi intuition, ukubeka isisekelo sabo bonke ompetha abaza ngemuva.

Kodwa uSteinitz wayeyindoda ehlukunyezwayo. Ukuzifela kwakhe nge-chess kwamholela ebumpofu futhi, ekugcineni, ekuhlanyeni. Ushonele endaweni yokukhosela 1900, ukhohliwe ngabaningi. Nokho, ithonya lakhe liyakhuthazela. ngaphandle kwakhe, izibalo like isikole saseRussia Chess Babengeke neze bathuthukise indlela yabo yesayensi kulo mdlalo.

Ukubusa kwezihlakaniphi: U-Emanuel Lasker kanye ne-psychology ye-chess

Uma uSteinitz wayenguyise we-chess yesimanje, U-Emanuel Lasker wayengudokotela wakhe wokuqala wezengqondo. Ingqwele yomhlaba ngesikhathi 27 iminyaka (1894-1921), irekhodi elingakadlulwa, U-Lasker wayengeyena nje umpetha wamasu, kodwa futhi uchwepheshe ekuqondeni izimbangi zakhe. Indlela yakhe yayilula: ungadlali kuphela ngezicucu, kodwa ngokumelene nengqondo yomphikisi.

I-Lasker, umJuda waseJalimane owafunda izibalo nefilosofi, Ngangikholelwa ukuthi i-chess iwumfanekiso wempilo. ngaye, Umdlalo ngamunye wawuyimpi engokwengqondo lapho inhloso kwakungekona nje ukunqoba, kodwa ukuthunaza imbangi. Isibonelo sakudala umdlalo wakhe noSiegbert Tarrasch ku 1908. I-Tarrasch, i-dogmatist yemithetho yezikhundla, Wayenethemba lokunqoba uLasker ngokuphakama kwakhe ngokwethiyori. Kodwa Lasker, esikhundleni sokulandela i “imithetho”, udlale izimbobo azi ukuthi ziyamcasula uTarrasch, njenge-Slavic Defense. Umphumela ube ukunqoba ngamalengiso kuLasker, owabonisa ukuthi i-chess yayingewona nje umdlalo wemithetho, kodwa lokuzivumelanisa nezimo.

Kodwa uLasker wayengeyena nje usomaqhinga wengqondo. Ubebuye abe ngumsunguli wethiyori. Sethule imibono ekuvulekeni okufana ne-King's Indian Defense kanye neLasker Variation of the French Defence, ezisafundwa nanamuhla. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Wayengomunye wabokuqala ukuqonda ukuthi i-chess yayingewona umdlalo wokukhumbula., kodwa ukuqonda. Isisho sakhe esidumile, “ku-chess, njengasempilweni, isitha esiyingozi kakhulu nguwe”, ufingqa ifilosofi yakhe: imbangi yangempela ayikho ngakolunye uhlangothi lwebhodi, kodwa ezingqondweni zethu.

I-Chess njengobuciko: U-Alexander Alekhine kanye nokuzidela kokudala

Alexander Alekhine, umpetha womhlaba wesine, wathatha i-chess waya ezingeni lobuciko elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili. ngaye, Umdlalo ngamunye wawuyingcweti lapho ubuhle bomhlatshelo bubaluleke kakhulu njengokunqoba. Alekhine, umRashiya owaba isakhamuzi saseFrance, ubengumdlali onolaka, kodwa hhayi ngomqondo wothando ka-Anderssen. Ulaka lwakhe lwabalwa, ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni okujulile kokuguquguquka kwebhodi.

U-Alekhine ukhunjulwa ngemidlalo yakhe egqamile, lapho ngadela khona izingcezu hhayi ngenxa yokuphelelwa yithemba, kodwa ngenxa yokukholwa. Isibonelo esiyingqayizivele umdlalo wakhe ngokumelene no-Aaron Nimzowitsch eSan Remo 1930, lapho adela khona intokazi yakhe kulo mnyakazo 26 ukudedela ukuhlasela okungenakuvinjwa. Kodwa into eyayihlaba umxhwele kakhulu kwakungewona umhlatshelo ngokwawo., kodwa ukunemba akwenza ngakho. U-Alekhine akashiyanga lutho; Konke umnyakazo kubalwe ukukhulisa ingcindezi kumbangi..

Nokho, U-Alekhine naye wayengumuntu ophikisanayo. Ukusebenzisana kwakhe namaNazi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II kwangcolisa ifa lakhe, futhi abaningi bambheka njengembuka. Kodwa nabamgxekayo bayavuma ukuthi likhulu iqhaza lakhe emdlalweni we-chess.. Wayengomunye wabokuqala ukuqonda ukuthi i-chess yayingewona nje umdlalo we-logic., kodwa futhi lokusungula. Indlela yakhe yaba nomthelela ezizukulwaneni zabadlali, kusuka kuMikhail Tal kuya Bobby Fischer, owabona umhlatshelo njengendlela yokuveza ubuciko.

Impi Yomshoshaphansi ebhodini: UMikhail Botvinnik kanye ne-Soviet chess

UMikhail Botvinnik, umpetha womhlaba wesithupha, Wayengumqambi wokubusa kweSoviet ku-chess. ngaye, i-chess kwakungewona nje umdlalo, kodwa ithuluzi lenkulumo-ze nesayensi okwakumelwe ifundwe ngokucophelela. I-Botvinnik, unjiniyela kagesi ngokuqeqeshwa, wasebenzisa indlela yesayensi ku-chess, ukudala uhlelo lokuqeqesha olwaguqula i-USSR ibe amandla e-chess.

UBotvinnik uthweswe umqhele womhlaba wonke ku 1948, emqhudelwaneni obuhlelwe ukuvala isikhala esivuleke ngokushona kuka-Alekhine. Kodwa ukubusa kwakhe kwakungelula. Ilahlekelwe yisihloko kabili (contra Vasily Smyslov en 1957 futhi ngokumelene noMikhail Tal in 1960), kodwa wayithola kuzo zombili lezi zigameko emidlalweni yokuziphindiselela. Leli khono lokuzisungula kabusha lalingelinye lamandla akhe amakhulu.. U-Botvinnik waqonda ukuthi i-chess yayiwumdlalo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo njalo, nokuthi umpetha kwakumele azivumelanise nezimo noma afe.

Kodwa ifa lakhe elikhulu kwakungelona uhlobo lwakhe lokudlala, kodwa ithonya layo ku-Soviet chess. U-Botvinnik udale isikole se-chess eMoscow esakhiqiza abadlali abahle kakhulu emlandweni, kuhlanganise Anatoly Karpov futhi Garry Kasparov. Ukugxila kwakhe kwakucacile.: i-chess kufanele ifundwe njengesayensi, ngokuhlaziywa okujulile nokuzilungiselela ngokomzimba. Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, I-USSR yabusa umdlalo amashumi eminyaka, ukushintsha i-chess ibe isandiso seMpi Yomshoshaphansi.

Ubuhlakani kanye nokuhlanya: U-Bobby Fischer kanye nokuthatheka ngokuphelela

Bobby Fischer it, nakanjani, umpetha womhlaba owaziwa kakhulu emlandweni. Umdlalo wakhe ngokumelene no-Boris Spassky ku 1972, phakathi nempi ebandayo, Kwakuwumcimbi womhlaba wonke owathatha amehlo omhlaba. Kodwa uFischer wayengeyena nje umdlali okhaliphile; Ubengumuntu othathekile obefuna ukuphelela kuyo yonke imidlalo.

UFischer wafunda ukudlala i-chess eneminyaka eyisithupha, futhi kusukela lapho, impilo yakhe yayigxile emdlalweni. Ku 13, wayesevele eyisidlakela; kwe 15, Waba uGrandmaster omncane kunabo bonke emlandweni. Kodwa ifa lakhe langempela kwaba indlela yakhe yokuguqula i-chess.. UFischer wayengeyena nje uchwepheshe wamaqhinga, kodwa futhi nomsunguli wethiyori. Wethula imibono ekuvuleni okufana neSicilian Defence kanye neFischer Variation of the King's Indian Defense, ezisafundwa nanamuhla.

Nokho, UFischer naye wayengumuntu odabukisayo. Ukuthanda kwakhe i-chess kwamholela ekubeni yedwa, futhi ukudideka kwakhe kwamenza waba yinkonjane. Ku 1975, wenqaba ukuvikela isihloko sakhe ku-Anatoly Karpov, bekhala ngokuthi izimo zomdlalo bezingezinhle. Wachitha okulandelayo 20 iminyaka ekudingisweni, aze aphinde aqhamuke phakathi 1992 ukudlala umdlalo ongekho emthethweni ngokumelene noSpasssky eYugoslavia, ukwephula unswinyo lwe-UN. UFischer washona 2008, eyedwa futhi ekhohliwe ngabaningi, kodwa ifa lakhe njengomdlali ogqame kakhulu esizukulwaneni sakhe lihlala linjalo.

iminyaka ye-titans: UGarry Kasparov kanye ne-chess njengomdlalo we-elite

Garry Kasparov, umpetha womhlaba omncane kunabo bonke emlandweni (wathweswa umqhele 22 iminyaka in 1985), wathatha i-chess wafinyelela ezingeni elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili. ngaye, i-chess kwakungewona nje umdlalo, kodwa umdlalo wezinga eliphezulu owawudinga ukulungiswa ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo namasu. UKasparov waqonda ukuthi i-chess yayiyimpi yentando, nokuthi umdlali onamandla kunabo bonke wayengeyena ngempela onekhono, kodwa elungiselelwe kakhulu.

U-Kasparov ukhunjulwa ngesitayela sakhe esinolaka kanye nekhono lakhe lokubala okuhlukile okungenakwenzeka. Kodwa amandla akhe amakhulu kwakuwumqondo wakhe wokuncintisana.. Akazange aneliseke ngokunqoba okulula; Wayehlale ebheka indlela yokuchoboza izimbangi zakhe. Isibonelo sakudala umdlalo wakhe ngokumelene no-Anatoly Karpov ku 1984, lapho Kasparov, ngemva kokuba senqenqemeni lokulahlekelwa, uthole ukubuya okumangalisayo okwamenza inganekwane.

Kodwa uKasparov naye wayengumsunguli webhodi.. Wayengomunye wabokuqala ukuqonda amandla obuchwepheshe ku-chess, nomdlalo wakhe nekhompyutha ye-Deep Blue ku 1997 Kube yingqophamlando emlandweni walo mdlalo. Nakuba ehluliwe, Ukungqubuzana kwakhe nomshini kwabonisa ukuthi i-chess yayiyinkundla yempi lapho ubuhlakani bomuntu bungakwazi ukuncintisana ngokumelene nengqondo ye-algorithmic..

Okokugcina kwezothando: UMagnus Carlsen kanye nokuvuselelwa kwe-chess

Magnus Carlsen, umpetha womhlaba wamanje, Ungumuntu oyingqayizivele emlandweni we-chess. Ngokungafani nabandulelayo, UCarlsen akagxili kunoma yikuphi ukuvulwa okuthile. Kunalokho, Amandla akhe asemandleni akhe okuzivumelanisa nanoma yisiphi isikhundla futhi athole izinsiza lapho abanye bengaziboni.. OkwaCarlsen, i-chess akuwona umdlalo wokukhumbula, kodwa elokuqonda okujulileyo.

UCarlsen uthweswe umqhele womhlaba ku- 2013, ngemuva kokuhlula u-Viswanathan Anand emdlalweni obubuswa wukuphakama kwakhe. Kodwa okumenza ahluke kakhulu yindlela yakhe ewuhlelo lomdlalo.. UCarlsen akabheki ubuhle ku-chess; funa ukunqoba. Isitayela sakhe siqhathaniswa nese-a “umdlali we-poker”, lapho zonke izinqumo zibalwa ukuze kwandiswe amathuba okuphumelela.

Nokho, UCarlsen uphinde waba ngumsunguli webhodi. Ube ngomunye wabokuqala ukuqonda amandla ezinkundla zedijithali, njengeChess.com neTwitch, ukwenza i-chess idume. Ukubamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni eku-inthanethi ngesikhathi sodlame lwe-COVID-19 kusize ukuletha umdlalo esizukulwaneni esisha sabalandeli. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Ukugxila kwakhe ku-rapid ne-blitz chess kukhombisile ukuthi umdlalo akumele uphuze ukuze ujule.

Ifa labashampeni: ngaphezu kwesihloko

Ompetha bomhlaba be-chess akubona nje abadlali abakhethekile; Ziyizibalo ezilolonge umlando walo mdlalo. Kusuka ku-Steinitz, owabeka izisekelo ze-chess yesimanje, ku-Carlsen, oyilethe enkathini yedijithali, ngamunye wabo ushiye uphawu olungacimekiyo. Kodwa ifa lakhe aligcini nje emidlalweni yakhe. Baphinde baba nomthelela endleleni esiqonda ngayo i-chess., noma njengobuciko, isayensi noma ezemidlalo.

Hoy, i-chess iyaqhubeka nokuvela. ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela, njenge I-AlphaZero, ishintshe indlela esifunda ngayo umdlalo, kanye nezinkundla zedijithali zinokufinyelela kwentando yeningi. Kodwa yinye into ehlala iyiqiniso: ifa lompetha bomhlaba liyoqhubeka liphila, ukukhuthaza izizukulwane ezintsha zabadlali ukufuna ubukhulu kuwo wonke umdlalo.

Emhlabeni lapho ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka ngokushesha nangemingcele, I-Chess isalokhu iyisikhumbuzo sokuthi ingqondo yomuntu iyakwazi ukwenza izinto ezingavamile. Kanye nompetha bomhlaba, ngokunqoba nokunqotshwa kwabo, ubuhlakani bakhe nokuhlanya kwakhe, Bawubufakazi balokho.