Imfihlakalo yomdlali we-chess owanyamalala e-USSR

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Le mpicabadala ayibandakanyi i-prodigy yebhodi kuphela, kodwa futhi ochungechungeni lwezehlakalo ezingachazeki, imibono yozungu kanye nezinkomba lokho, kuze kube namuhla, hlala ungaxazululiwe. Ingabe kwakuhleliwe? Isisulu sempumelelo yakhe? Noma ingabe ukunyamalala kwakhe kwakuhlobene nokuthile okumnyama?, njengezinhloli noma ubugebengu obuhleliwe? Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, sizohlola imikhondo, imibono kanye nedatha yomlando ezungeze leli cala, ukwembula enye yezindaba eziheha kakhulu nezingaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wechess.

Ukuphakama kwesithunzi sobuhle

Ngaphambi kokunyamalala kwakhe, Alexander Alekhine Ubethathwa njengomdlali ovelele emhlabeni, Kodwa ukubusa kwakhe kwakunezimpikiswano.. Nokho, Icala elikhona akulona eleqhawe elidumile laseRussia-French, kodwa lokho komdlali owaziwa kancane kodwa ohlakaniphe ngokulinganayo: UMoses Solomonovich Feigin, umfundisi waseSoviet, eminyakeni eyishumi ye 1930, uvele njengomuntu ongaqondakali kusekethe ye-chess.

Igwala, ozalelwe phakathi 1908 emndenini wamaJuda wase-Odessa, Ukhombise ithalente eliyingqayizivele le-chess kusukela esemncane.. Ku 16 iminyaka, Bengivele ngingenele imiqhudelwano esezingeni eliphezulu, futhi for 1930, nge kuphela 22 iminyaka, sase singesinye sezithembiso ezigqama kakhulu zeSoviet Union. Indlela yakhe yokudlala, kuchazwe ngokuthi “enolaka kodwa ebaliwe”, wamehlukanisa nabanye abadlali bangaleso sikhathi. Ngokungafani nabadlali basemuva abafana neCapablanca, UFeigin ubheke ukuhlasela emidlalweni yokuqala, isu elamenza waba ngabathandi kanye nabadeleli.

Ukuphakama kwakhe kwaqondana nenkathi yezinxushunxushu emlandweni wamaSoviet.. U-Stalin wahlanganisa amandla akhe, kanye ne-chess, ngaphansi kokulawulwa kombuso, yaba ithuluzi lenkulumo-ze. Abadlali bebebhekiwe, nokunyakaza kwazo, kokubili ebhodini nangaphandle kwayo, Bahlaziywa ngengilazi yokukhulisa. Igwala, nokho, ukwazile ukugcina iphrofayili ephansi, ukugwema izingxabano zezepolitiki ezithinta abanye othisha njenga UMikhail Botvinnik o UDavid Bronstein. Lokhu kuqonda, ngokuyindida, kwamenza waba isisulu esilula sokuqagela lapho enyamalala.

Umqhudelwano owashintsha yonke into

Isikhathi sokugcina u-Feigin ebonwa esidlangalaleni kwakuyi- Moscow International Tournament 1935, umcimbi ohlanganise abadlali abahamba phambili emhlabeni, kuhlanganise no-Alekhine, Botvínnik kanye Emanuel Lasker, owayengumpetha womhlaba. Igwala, obambe iqhaza njengesivakashi esikhethekile, ube nokusebenza okuncomekayo, ehlula izimbangi eziningana ze-elite futhi ekhomba ukuthi angaba usongo olukhulu kubazukulu.

Yena 12 Novemba 1935, ngemuva komdlalo neGermany Kurt Richter, U-Feigin ushiye igumbi lokudlala ngaphandle kokunikeza incazelo. Abahleli bacabange ukuthi uhoxile ngenxa yokugula, kodwa lapho engafikanga ngakusasa, kwaqala ukukhathazeka. Ukuhlolwa kwegumbi lakhe lasehhotela kwembula ukuthi izinto zakhe siqu—kuhlanganise nepasipoti yakhe, imali namanothi e-chess—ayengaguquki. Kwakungekho zimpawu zokuzabalaza noma izinkomba zokuthi ushiye indawo ngokuthanda kwakhe..

Iziphathimandla zaseSoviet, owayevele ebonise ukungamethembi uFeigin ngenxa yemvelaphi yakhe yobuJuda kanye nezinsolo zokuntula kwakhe ukwethembeka kuhulumeni, benza kancane. Abezindaba abasemthethweni basinciphisa lesi sigameko, esichaza ngokuthi a “inkinga yomuntu siqu”, Kodwa amahlebezi okuthi kungenzeka kuthunjwe noma kubulawe abadlali kanye nezintatheli zakwamanye amazwe.. Umqhudelwano uqhubekile ngaphandle kwakhe, kodwa ukungabi khona kwakhe kwashiya umbuzo ongaphenduleki: kwenzekeni kumdlali, ngokusho kwabanye, wayemiselwe ukuba ngumpetha womhlaba olandelayo?

Imibono ngemuva kokunyamalala

Ukunyamalala kuka-Feigin kudale imibono eminingi, ezinye zizwakala kakhulu kunezinye, kodwa konke kuyathakazelisa ngokulinganayo. Lezi ziphawuleka kakhulu:

• Ubunhloli baseSoviet: Phakathi neshumi leminyaka 1930, ku-NKVD (umanduleli we-KGB) ziqashwe ngokucophelela izakhamuzi zaseSoviet noxhumana nabo phesheya. Igwala, owayedlale emiqhudelwaneni yaseWestern Europe, ngabe abekwe icala “ukusebenzisana” ngamandla angaphandle. Ezinye izazi-mlando zisikisela ukuthi waboshwa futhi wathunyelwa e-gulag., lapho ebezofela khona ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaziwa. Nokho, Awekho amarekhodi asemthethweni aqinisekisa lo mbono..
• Indiza eya phesheya: Okunye okungenzeka ukuthi uFeigin, uyazi ngezingozi zokuhlala e-USSR, Ngabe ngihlele ukuphunyuka. Ulwazi lwakhe lwe-international chess lwaluzomvumela ukuthi asungule oxhumana nabo phesheya, kodwa abukho ubufakazi bokuthi yeqe imingcele. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ipasi lakhe nemali kwakusegunjini lakhe, okwenza le mbono ingenzeki.
• ubugebengu obuhleliwe: EMoscow iminyaka 30, ukubheja okungekho emthethweni ku-chess kwakuvamile, futhi abanye abadlali babeqolwa noma besatshiswa. Igwala, ngesitayela sakhe sokudlala esingalindelekile, bekungaba okuqondiwe kuma-mafia endawo. Nokho, Abukho ubufakazi obuhlanganisa ukuduka kwakhe nezenzo zobugebengu..
• Isiqephu se-chess: Abanye abacwaningi be-chess bacabanga ukuthi u-Feigin wasuswa izimbangi ezesaba ukukhushulwa kwakhe esikhundleni.. Nakuba lo mbono uzwakala njengenoveli yezinhloli, Iqiniso liwukuthi umhlaba we-chess ngaleso sikhathi wawugcwele ubuqili.. Abadlali abafana no-Alekhine noBotvínnik babenezizathu zokufuna ukuqeda imbangi eyingozi, kodwa abukho ubufakazi obusekela lokhu kusolwa.

Into edida kakhulu ngaleli cala ukushoda kolwazi. Ngokungafani nabanye abalahlekile e-USSR, I-Feigin ayizange ivuselelwe ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kwe-Khrushchev, futhi igama lakhe alizange livele emafayeleni angahlosiwe. Lokhu sekwenze abanye bakholwa wukuthi udaba lwakhe lwasulwa ngamabomu emarekhodini., mhlawumbe ngokuhleleka kwezikhundla eziphakeme kakhulu zombuso wamaSoviet.

Ifa lesipoki se-chess

Nakuba uFeigin wanyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo, Ithonya lakhe ku-chess lahlala ngezindlela ezingalindelekile. Eminyakeni eyalandela ukunyamalala kwakhe, abadlali abambalwa baseSoviet bamukele izici zesitayela sakhe, ikakhulukazi indlela yakhe enolaka ekuvuleni. Kuze kuzwakale ukuthi Mikhail Tal, yena “Mago de Riga” eyaziwa ngokuzidela kwakhe ngesibindi, wafunda imidlalo ye-Feigin ebusheni bakhe.

Ku 1956, Umdlali ongaziwa owayebambe iqhaza emqhudelwaneni e-Leningrad umangaze wonke umuntu ngomdlalo uFeigin ayewumemezele emashumini eminyaka adlule.. Ngesikhathi ebuzwa ngogqozi lomdlalo wakhe, umdlali waphendula ngokugwema, okwadala ukuqagela ukuthi kungaba uFeigin ngokwakhe, owayezobuya ngaphansi kobunikazi obusha. Nokho, lo mbono awuzange uqinisekiswe.

Indaba kaFeigin nayo igqugquzele izincwadi eziqanjiwe. Ku 1967, umbhali wasesoviet Yulián Semyonov umphakathi “Icala le-chess master”, inoveli yezinhloli esekelwe ngokunyamalala kwakhe. Nakuba umsebenzi uyinganekwane, ibonisa umthelela imfihlakalo enawo esikweni elidumile.

Hoy, Ngaphezu kwe 80 iminyaka ngemva kokunyamalala kwakhe, U-Feigin usengumuntu ongaqondakali. Igama lakhe alivamile ukuvela ezincwadini zomlando we-chess., nalapho enza, ingabe isemibhalweni yaphansi noma izinkomba ezingacacile. Nokho, kulabo abafunda i-ins and outs ye-Soviet chess, Udaba lwakhe lusalokhu luyisikhumbuzo sokuthi ithalente linjani, Ezombusazwe kanye nezimfihlakalo zingahlangana ngezindlela ezingalindelekile.

Kwenzekeni ngempela enkosini yechess?

Ukunyamalala kuka-Moisés Feigin kungenye yalezo zimpicabadala, mhlawumbe, ayisoze yaxazululwa ngokugcwele. Uma bungekho ubufakazi obuqanda ikhanda, Singaqagela kuphela ngesiphetho sakhe.. Nokho, lapho sihlaziya ingqikithi yomlando nezimo zokunyamalala kwawo, ezinye iziphetho ziyavela:

• I-USSR kaStalin ayizange ibathethelele labo abawa emseni: Igwala, njengabanye abaningi, kungenzeka ukuthi ube yisisulu sokuhlanzwa kwe-Stalinist. Imvelaphi yakhe yobuJuda kanye nokuxhumana kwakhe nabantu bakwamanye amazwe kwamenza waba isisulu esilula sokuziphatha okuphambene nombuso..
• I-Chess bekuwumdlalo oyingozi: ESoviet Union, i-chess yayingewona nje umdlalo, kodwa ithuluzi lepolitiki. Abadlali abangahambisani nezimfuno zoMbuso babesengozini yokuxoshwa, ngokwezwi nezwi noma ngokomfanekiso.
• Ezinye izimfihlo zenzelwe ukuhlala zifihliwe: Ukuntuleka kwamarekhodi asemthethweni kusikisela ukuthi icala lakhe lasulwa ngamabomu. Lokhu akuyona into engavamile e-USSR, lapho umlando wawulokhu ubhalwa kabusha ukuze uvumelane nokulandisa kweQembu.

Kungenzeka, kwenye inqolobane yaseMoscow ekhohliwe noma ezinkumbulo zekhehla elisaphila, sikhona isihluthulelo sokuxazulula le mfihlakalo. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, I-Feigin izoqhubeka nokuba “inkosi ye-chess eyanyamalala”, isipoki esicashe emaphethelweni omlando, esikhumbuza ukuthi ngisho emdlalweni onengqondo kakhulu emhlabeni, kukhona okungachazeki.

Ifa lakhe, nokho, akufanele kwehliswe kube imfihlakalo elula. UFeigin ubengumdlali okhaliphile, umsunguli kanye, phezu kwakho konke, uphawu lwesikhathi lapho i-chess yayingaphezu komdlalo. Ukunyamalala kwakhe kusimema ukuba sicabange ngemingcele phakathi kobuhlakani nenhlekelele, nokuthi ithalente kanjani, uma seqa amandla, kungaba isiqalekiso.

Emhlabeni lapho i-chess yesimanje ibuswa ama-algorithms nokuhlaziywa kwekhompyutha, Amacala afana nelikaFeigin asikhumbuza lokho, engqikithini yayo, lo mdlalo usengumuntu ngokujulile: egcwele uthando, izingobe kanye, ngezinye izikhathi, zezimfihlakalo ezingasoze zaxazululeka.