Ingabe i-chess isenza sihlakaniphe? Ithini isayensi

Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, I-Chess ithathwa njengomdlalo we-elite, ezihambisana nobuhlakani, isu kanye nekhono lokuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa, Ingabe ukudlala i-chess kusenza sihlakaniphe ngempela?? Lo mbuzo udale izimpikiswano phakathi kothisha, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo nososayensi, futhi eminyakeni yamuva, ucwaningo lusikhanyisele ngesihloko. Ngaphandle kwezinganekwane nama-anecdotes, Isayensi ihlole ukuthi lo mdlalo wasendulo ubuthinta kanjani ubuchopho, ukuqonda kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo. Kulesi sihloko, Sizohlaziya ukuthi buthini ubufakazi besayensi mayelana nemiphumela ye-chess kwezobuhlakani, ukuthi iwathinta kanjani amakhono ahlukene okuqonda kanye nokuthi izinzuzo zayo zisemhlabeni wonke njengoba kukholakala.

I-Chess kanye nomthelela wayo emisebenzini yengqondo

I-Chess akuwona nje umdlalo wokuhamba ebhodini; Ukuzivocavoca kwengqondo okudinga ukugxilisa ingqondo, inkumbulo, ukuhlela nokucabanga okungabonakali. Ucwaningo lwe-Neuroscientific lubonise ukuthi ukudlala i-chess kwenza izindawo eziningi zobuchopho zisebenze, kuhlanganise ne-prefrontal cortex, onesibopho sokwenza izinqumo nokulawula abaphathi, kanye ne-parietal lobe, okuhambisana nokucutshungulwa kwendawo. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe kokuthi *Frontiers in Psychology* (2019) ithole ukuthi abadlali be-chess babonisa ukuxhumana okukhulu kwe-neural uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abangadlali igeyimu, ephakamisa ukuthuthuka ekusebenzeni kahle kobuchopho.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, I-Chess ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono afana:

• Inkumbulo yokusebenza: Khumbula ukunyakaza, amaphethini namasu ezimbangi kudinga izinga eliphezulu lokugcinwa kolwazi.
• Ukucabanga okubucayi: Ukuhlola izinketho eziningi kanye nemiphumela elindelekile kuyisihluthulelo sokwenza izinqumo ezifanele.
• Ukuguquguquka kwengqondo: Zijwayelane nezinguquko emdlalweni futhi uguqule amasu ngokushesha.
• Ukunakwa okuqhubekayo: Gcina ukugxila phakathi nemidlalo engathatha amahora.

Nokho, Kubalulekile ukufaneleka kwalokhu okutholakele. Ucwaningo oluningi lwenziwe nabadlali abanamava, okubuza umbuzo: Ingabe i-chess iyathuthukisa lawa makhono noma abantu abanalawa makhono kungenzeka baphumelele emdlalweni? Impendulo ayilula futhi idinga ukuhlaziya ubudlelwano phakathi kokwenza nokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo..

Ingabe i-chess ithuthukisa ubuhlakani noma iheha abantu abahlakaniphile?

Enye yezinkulumo mpikiswano ezithakazelisa kakhulu ku-cognitive psychology ukuthi i-chess *ikhulisa* ubuhlakani noma ingabe, Ngokuphambene nalokho, Abantu abanekhono elikhulu lobuhlakani yibona abahehwa kulo mdlalo. Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, Kuwusizo ukuphendukela kuthiyori *yokwenza ngamabomu*, kuhlongozwe isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Anders Ericsson. Ngokwalo mbono, Ukwenza kahle kunoma yimuphi umkhakha akuncikile kakhulu ethalenteni azalwa nalo njengasebuningini naseqophelweni lokuzijwayeza.

Endabeni ye-chess, Ucwaningo oluningi lwe-longitudinal lubonise ukuthi ukuzijwayeza njalo kungathuthukisa amakhono athile. Ngokwesibonelo, uphenyo olwenziwa ezikoleni zaseJalimane naseSpain (2015) kubonise ukuthi abafundi abathole amakilasi e-chess unyaka bathola imiphumela engcono ekuhlolweni kokucabanga okunengqondo nezibalo uma kuqhathaniswa nontanga yabo abangazange bahlanganyele ohlelweni.. Lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi i-chess ingaba nomthelela oyimbangela ekuthuthukisweni kwengqondo, okungenani ezindaweni ezithile.

Noma kunjalo, Olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuhluka kwabantu ngabanye kunendima ebalulekile. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta okushicilelwe kokuthi *Intelligence* (2017) waphetha ngokuthi, nakuba i-chess ihlotshaniswa ne-IQ ephakeme (CI), Lokhu kuhlobana akusho ngempela imbangela.. Lokho kusho ukuthi, Abantu abanama-IQ aphezulu bangase bafune imisebenzi ebekela inselele ubuhlakani babo, njenge-chess, esikhundleni sokuthi i-chess ibe yimbangela yobuhlakani bakhe.

Ukuxazulula le nkinga, Abacwaningi baphendukele ekuhloleni okulawulwayo. Ucwaningo olwenziwe eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia (2020) wahlukanisa iqembu lezingane kabili: oyedwa wathola ukuqeqeshwa kwe-chess izinyanga eziyisithupha, ngenkathi elinye iqembu libambe iqhaza emisebenzini yangemva kwesikole engadlali. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi iqembu le-chess lithuthuke kakhulu ekukhumbuleni nasekuhloleni ukuxazulula izinkinga., kodwa hhayi kuzo zonke izici zobuhlakani. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi i-chess ingathuthukisa amakhono athile, kodwa akuguquli kakhulu ubuhlakani obujwayelekile.

Imikhawulo yezinzuzo zengqondo ze-chess

Nakuba i-chess inikeza izinzuzo ezicacile zomqondo, Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinzuzo zayo azinamkhawulo noma azivamile.. Isayensi ikhombe izici ezimbalwa ezilinganisa umthelela wayo:

• Iminyaka yokuqala: Izingane kanye nentsha ibonakala izuza kakhulu ku-chess kunabantu abadala, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi ubuchopho babo busesigabeni sepulasitiki enkulu. Un studio en *Developmental Psychology* (2018) wathola ukuthi izingane ezifunde i-chess ngaphambili 10 iminyaka ibonise ukuthuthuka okuhlala isikhathi eside kumakhono aphezulu kunalawo aqala kamuva.
• Imvamisa kanye nekhwalithi yokusebenza: Akwanele ukudlala ngezikhathi ezithile; ukuzijwayeza kufanele kwakhiwe futhi kube nenselele. Abadlali abahlaziya imidlalo yabo, abafunda ukuvuleka futhi baxazulule izinkinga zamaqhinga bathola izinzuzo ezinkulu kunalabo abadlala ngokungekho emthethweni.
• Ukudluliswa kwamakhono: Enye yezimpikiswano ezinkulu ukuthi amakhono athuthukisiwe ekudluliseleni i-chess kwezinye izizinda.. Ngokwesibonelo, Ingabe ukuba ngcono ku-chess kusho ukuba ngcono ezibalweni noma ekwenzeni izinqumo ekuphileni kwangempela?? Ubufakazi lapha buxubile.. Ngenkathi ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukudluliswa okuhle, abanye baphakamisa ukuthi izinzuzo zikhawulelwe kumongo wegeyimu.
• i-fluid intelligence vs. kucwebezelwe: I-Chess ibonakala inomthelela omkhulu ku-fluid intelligence (ikhono lokuxazulula izinkinga ezintsha) lokho ku-crystallized (ulwazi oluqoqiwe). Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungasiza ukuthuthukisa amakhono okucabanga., kodwa alwandisi ngempela ulwazi olujwayelekile.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi i-chess ayisona isisombululo somlingo sokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo. Ukusebenza kwayo kuncike ekutheni ihlanganiswe kanjani endaweni ebanzi yokufunda noma yokuqeqesha.. Ngokwesibonelo, Ukuhlanganisa i-chess neminye imisebenzi evuselela ubuhlakani noma ukucabanga okuhlukene kungathuthukisa izinzuzo zayo.

Chess kwezemfundo: ithuluzi elilinganiselwe?

Kunikezwe ubufakazi ngezinzuzo zayo zokuqonda, Akumangazi ukuthi i-chess isithole ukuthandwa ezinhlelweni zemfundo zamazwe amaningana.. ESpain, Ngokwesibonelo, Imiphakathi efana neCatalonia ne-Andalusia yenze izinhlelo ze-chess ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi ngemiphumela ethembisayo.. Kodwa, Kungani i-chess iyithuluzi elibalulekile ekilasini?

Okokuqala nje, I-Chess ifundisa abafundi ukucabanga ngaphambi kokwenza, ikhono elibalulekile ezweni lapho ukuthatheka kungaholela emaphutheni abizayo. Ucwaningo olwenziwe eNyuvesi yaseLa Laguna (2016) ithole ukuthi izingane ezidlala i-chess njalo zikhombisa ikhono elikhulu lokuhlela nokuhlola imiphumela, amakhono ahumushela ekusebenzeni okungcono kwezemfundo.

Endaweni yesibili, i-chess ikhuthaza ukuqina. Ukulahlekelwa umdlalo akukona ukwehluleka, kodwa ithuba lokufunda nokwenza ngcono. Lo mqondo wokukhula ubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komuntu siqu kanye nasemfundweni. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-chess ngumdlalo ohlanganisayo: ayidingi amakhono angokwenyama noma izinsiza ezibizayo, okwenza ifinyeleleke kubafundi abavela ezizindeni ezihlukene zenhlalomnotho.

Nokho, Ukuqaliswa kwawo ezikoleni akunazo izinselelo. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isikhathi esichithwa udlala i-chess singasetshenziselwa eminye imisebenzi ezuzisa ngokulinganayo., njengomculo noma ezemidlalo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, akubona bonke abafundi abajabulela umdlalo, okunganciphisa ukusebenza kwayo. Ukuze ukwandise izinzuzo zakho, othisha kumele bahlanganise i-chess ngendlela eguquguqukayo, ukuyivumelanisa nezidingo nezithakazelo zabafundi.

Ekuphetheni, I-Chess ayiyona intonga yomlingo eyenza noma ubani abe ungqondongqondo, kodwa iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa amakhono abalulekile okuqonda. Ukuzijwayeza njalo kungathuthukisa inkumbulo, amakhono okucabanga okujulile nokuhlela, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni nasebancane. Nokho, Izinzuzo zayo azizenzekeli futhi azitholakali emhlabeni wonke.: kuncike kubuningi, izinga lomkhuba kanye nomongo osetshenziswa kuwo. Ngaphezu kwesixazululo esiyisimangaliso, I-Chess iyingxenye ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani, inqobo nje uma isetshenziswa ngamasu nangokuqaphela.

Isayensi ifakazele ukuthi i-chess inomthelela omuhle ebuchosheni, kodwa futhi ukubeke kwacaca ukuthi akuyona yodwa noma indlela engcono kakhulu yokuba nobuhlakani. Intelligence umqondo multidimensional, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwayo kudinga inhlanganisela yemisebenzi evuselela izindawo ezahlukene zokuqonda. I-Chess ingaba ucezu olubalulekile kule puzzle, kodwa hhayi yedwa. Kulabo abajabulela umdlalo, izinzuzo zicacile; kulabo abangezwani naye, Kukhona ezinye izindlela ezisebenza ngokulinganayo zokuthuthukisa ingqondo. Ekupheleni, Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola imisebenzi ebekela inselele inhlakanipho, khuthaza ilukuluku futhi, phezu kwakho konke, zimnandi. Ngemva kwakho konke, Ukufunda kusebenza kangcono uma ujabulela inqubo.