Bohorges: i-chess njengesenzo sokuvukela kanye nokudala

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, i-chess iyinkundla yempi yobuhlakani lapho izinganekwane zakhiwe khona., izinganekwane namasu adlula ibhodi. Phakathi kwamagama asabele kakhulu emlandweni womdlalo, omunye we Bohorges -ovame ukudideka nomlobi wase-Argentina uJorge Luis Borges, kodwa ngobunjalo bayo endaweni yonke ye-chess—ivela njengempicabadala ethakazelisayo. Wayengubani ngempela uBohorges? Umdlali osezingeni eliphezulu, isazi semibono noma uphawu lokumelana namasiko ngokusebenzisa i-chess? Umfanekiso wakhe, embozwe imfihlakalo, ukumema ukuthi ungahloli kuphela ifa lakho kugeyimu, kodwa nokuthi i-chess iba kanjani isibuko sempucuko, imibango yamandla kanye nokudala komuntu.

Lesi sihloko sidalula ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-Bohorges ne-chess, ukuhlaziya umthelela wawo ekuthuthukisweni kwezikole zamasu, indima yayo ekuthuthukisweni komdlalo ezimeni zezepolitiki nezenhlalo, kanye nezifundo ezinikezwa umlando wayo kubadlali, amathiyori nabathandi balo mdlalo wengqondo. Kusukela kumageyimu amake inkathi kuya ezingxoxweni zefilosofi eyakhuthazayo, U-Bohorges umele ucezu olubalulekile kuphazili yesimanje ye-chess.

El enigma de Bohorges: ngale kwenganekwane

Igama elithi Bohorges livela okokuqala kumarekhodi e-chess kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20., exhunywe emiqhudelwaneni yaseMpumalanga Yurophu naseLatin America. Nokho, Ukuthi ungubani ngempela kusalokhu kuyindaba yokuqagela. Ezinye izazi-mlando ze-chess ziphakamisa ukuthi u-Bohorges kwakuyigama-mbumbulu elisetshenziswa umdlali noma iqembu labadlali ukuze bazivikele ezimweni zezombusazwe ezimbi., njengoba kwenzeka ngesikhathi Impi ebandayo, lapho ibhodi laba yinkundla yobunhloli nenkulumo-ze. Abanye bathi uBohorges wayengumcabango ongaziwa omibono yakhe yashintsha ukuvuleka nokuzivikela., kodwa abancamele ukuhlala emthunzini ukuze bagweme ukubhekisiswa kwezikole ezikhonyayo, njenge Isikole saseRussia Chess.

Okubhalwe phansi yithonya layo ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-chess ezingavamile., njengaye “i-bohorgia chess”, indlela ehlanganisa imithetho ye-asymmetric ukuze inselele ukuqonda okujwayelekile kwegeyimu. Lokhu okuhlukile, nakuba ingakaze izuze ukuthandwa kwabantu abaningi, Yamukelwa yimibuthano yobuhlakani neyobuciko njengesingathekiso sokusungula kanye nokumelana nezakhiwo eziqinile.. Bohorges, ngalo mqondo, Wayengeyena nje umdlali., kodwa umshoshozeli owabuza izimfundiso ze-classical chess.

Indlela yakhe yokudlala, echazwe ngabaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuthi “isiphithiphithi kodwa ekhazimulayo”, ibonise ifilosofi ye-chess eyayibeka phambili ukuthuthukiswa ngaphezu kokukhumbula ukuvuleka. Le ndlela yayihambisana nomnyakazo wobuciko wangaleso sikhathi, njenge-surrealism, owabona ithuba kanye nokuqondisisa njengamathuluzi okubekela inselele ukucabanga okunengqondo okweqile. Bohorges, ngakho-ke, Uveze ukuhlangana phakathi kwe-chess nobuciko, inkhulumomphendvulwano eye yacutshungulwa emisebenzini efana “I-Chess nobuciko: inkhulumomphendvulwano emkhatsini wesu kanye nekusungula”.

Bohorges kanye ukumelana kwamasiko: i-chess njengethuluzi lepolitiki

I-Chess ngokomlando ibilokhu iyinkomba yokungezwani kwezepolitiki nezenhlalo yangaleso sikhathi.. Endabeni kaBohorges, Isibalo sakhe sasihlotshaniswa nezinhlangano ezimelene namasiko emazweni angaphansi kombuso wobushiqela.. Phakathi neshumi leminyaka 1970, Ngokwesibonelo, Imidlalo ye-Bohorgia chess yaqoshwa emibuthanweni ephikisanayo eMpumalanga Yurophu, lapho umdlalo usetshenziswe njengolimi olunamakhodi ukudlulisa imilayezo yokuphikisa. Imithetho ye-asymmetric yalokhu okuhlukile ivumele abadlali ukuthi bakhulume ngemibono ehlanekezelayo ngaphandle kokuphakamisa izinsolo., ukuguqula ibhodi libe yindawo yenkululeko phakathi kwengcindezelo.

Lo mkhakha wepolitiki we-chess awugcini nje kuma-Bohorges. kuwo wonke umlando, Umdlalo usebenze njengophawu lokumelana nezimo ezahlukahlukene njenge amakamu okuhlushwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, lapho iziboshwa zazihlela imiqhudelwano eyimfihlo, noma emazweni afana ne-Afghanistan, lapho abesifazane bephonsela inselelo izinkambiso zomphakathi ngokudlala i-chess ngaphansi kwe-burqa. Bohorges, kulo mongo, Ima njengesixhumanisi esisodwa ochungechungeni lwabadlali be-chess abasebenzise umdlalo ukuze baqinisekise ubuntu babo kanye nelungelo labo lokuzikhethela..

Ifa lakhe liphinde liziveze endleleni i-chess eyamukelwa ngayo ukunyakaza kwezenhlalo yesimanje.. Emazweni afana neColombia noma i-El Salvador, Ngokwesibonelo, I-Chess isiphenduke ithuluzi lokuhlanganiswa kabusha komphakathi kwabantu abasha abasengozini, ukubafundisa amakhono afana nokubekezela, ukuhlela nokucabanga okujulile. Bohorges, ngendlela yayo ephazamisayo, izizukulwane eziphefumulelwe zabadlali ukuthi zibone i-chess hhayi nje njengomdlalo, kodwa njengesenzo sokuhlubuka nokuguqula.

Ithiyori yeBohorgia: inselele izimfundiso ze-classical chess

Elinye lamagalelo abaluleke kakhulu kaBohorges ku-chess kwaba ukugxeka kwakhe imfundiso yethiyori eyayibusa umdlalo ngekhulu lama-20.. Ngesikhathi lapho iSikole SaseRussia sibeka isitayela sokudlala esisekelwe ekunembeni kwamaqhinga kanye nokubamba ngekhanda okuhlukile, UBohorges uphakamise indlela ehluke ngokuphelele: yena “i-creative chess”. Le filosofi, eyayizothathwa kamuva ngabadlali abafana noMikhail Tal, Yayisekelwe embonweni wokuthi i-chess kufanele ibe yinkundla yokuhlola, lapho ubungozi kanye nokwangempela kunqoba ukuvikeleka nokuphindaphinda.

U-Bohorges wakha uchungechunge lwemiqondo yethiyori eyayibekela inselele izimiso ze-classical chess.. Phakathi kwazo, wagqamisa umqondo we “ukuzidela kwesikhundla”, isu lapho umdlali eyeka khona okokusebenza (njenge-pawn noma ucezu) hhayi ngenhloso esheshayo yokuthola inzuzo yeqhinga, kodwa ukuthunaza ukwakheka kwengqondo komphikisi. Lo mbono, nakuba kunempikiswano, Kubonakale kusebenza kahle emidlalweni yezinga eliphezulu, lapho ukucindezelwa kwengqondo kungaba okunqumayo njengenzuzo yezinto ezibonakalayo.

Omunye wamagalelo akhe kwaba ukuzivikela kweBohorgia, ukuvuleka okungajwayelekile obekuzama ukugwema imigqa yethiyori emisiwe ukuze kuyiswe ophikisana naye endaweni engaziwa. Lokhu ukuzivikela, nakuba ingakaze yamukelwe kabanzi, kwaba uphawu lokumelana nokumiswa komdlalo. U-Bohorges waphikisa ngokuthi i-chess ilahlekelwa ingqikithi yayo yokudala ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngethiyori., nokuthi bekudingeka ukubuyisa umoya wokuzidela owabonakala kubadlali bekhulu le-19, u-Adolf Anderssen noPaul Morphy.

Ithonya lakhe kuthiyori ye-chess ladlulela ngalé kokuvuleka.. U-Bohorges uphinde wahlola umqondo we “umdlalo ongokwengqondo”, isu elalihlanganisa ukuxhaphaza imizwa yombangi ukuze amnxenxe ekwenzeni amaphutha. Lo mbono, namuhla eyamukelwa kabanzi ku-elite chess, Yayinezinguquko ngesikhathi sayo, njengoba iphonsela inselelo umbono wokuthi i-chess ingumdlalo ophusile. UBohorges wabonisa lokho, ebhodini, Imizwa nokuzwisisa kudlala indima ebalulekile njengokunengqondo.

Bohorges ekhulwini lama-21: ifa lombono

Esikhathini sedijithali, lapho i-chess ifinyeleleka kakhulu kunangaphambili ngenxa yamapulatifomu afana ne-Lichess noma i-Chess.com, Ifa lika-Bohorges liqala ukuhlobana. Ukugxeka kwakhe ukumiswa kwegeyimu kuzwakala komongo lapho ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, njenge-AlphaZero, uye wachaza kabusha imikhawulo yalokho okungenzeka ebhodini. U-Bohorges ubelindele izingxabano eziningi zamanje mayelana nekusasa le-chess: Ingabe igeyimu kufanele ijwayelane nobuchwepheshe obusha noma ilondoloze ingqikithi yayo yomuntu? Kungenzeka yini ukugcina ubuciko emhlabeni lapho izinjini ze-chess zibusa ithiyori??

Indlela yakhe ephazamisayo iphinde ithole ukunanela ekukhuphukeni kwe-chess esheshayo ne-blitz, Izindlela ezibeka phambili intuition nesivinini ngaphezu kokujula kwamasu. Abadlali abafana no-Hikaru Nakamura no-Alireza Firouzja bakhombisile ukuthi i-chess ingaba umbukwane njenganoma yimuphi umdlalo., futhi lobo buhlakani buqhubeka buyisici esibalulekile sempumelelo. Bohorges, ngalo mqondo, Wayengumanduleli we-chess yesimanje, onombono owaqonda ukuthi umdlalo bekumele uguquke ukuze uhlale ubalulekile.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, Isibalo sakhe sifunwa yizinhlangano ezifuna ukwenza intando yeningi i-chess futhi ilethe kubabukeli abasha.. Emazweni afana ne-Armenia noma iSpain, lapho i-chess iyisifundo esiyimpoqo ezikoleni, sezenziwe izinhlelo ezikhuthaza ukucabanga okunobuhlakani nokuhlola, imibono uBohorges ayivikela emashumini eminyaka edlule. Ifa lakhe liphinde libonakale ezinhlelweni ezifana ne-therapeutic chess, esebenzisa igeyimu ukuthuthukisa impilo yengqondo yabantu abanezinkinga ezifana ne-ADHD noma i-autism.

Emkhakheni wobuciko, I-Bohorges iyaqhubeka nokuba umthombo wogqozi. Impilo yakhe nomsebenzi kuhlolisiswe ezincwadini, amafilimu nemidlalo efuna ukuthwebula ingqikithi yomdlali odelele umthetho. Indaba yakho, egcwele imfihlakalo nokuhlubuka, ukukhumbuza ezinye izihlakaniphi ze-eccentric chess, njengoBobby Fischer noma uWilhelm Steinitz, kodwa ngokuthinta okuyingqayizivele: AmaBohorge akakaze afune udumo, kodwa inkululeko yokudlala i-chess ngendlela yakho.

Isiphetho: Ama-Bohorges kanye ne-chess njengesenzo senkululeko

Indaba kaBohorges, ekugcineni, indaba yendoda eyabona ku-chess okuthile okungaphezu nje komdlalo: ithuluzi lokukhuluma komuntu siqu, ukumelana namasiko kanye nokuqamba okusha kwethiyori. Ifa lakhe lisikhumbuza ukuthi i-chess, engqikithini yayo, Kuyisenzo senkululeko, indawo lapho imithetho ingabuzwa futhi iqanjwe kabusha. Ezweni elibuswa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe kanye nokumiswa, isibalo Bohorges uthola ukubaluleka kabusha, isimema ukuthi sibuyise umoya wokudala oye wachaza i-chess phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.

Ithonya lakhe lidlulela ngalé kwebhodi, abadlali abakhuthazayo, abaculi nezishoshovu ukubona i-chess iwukubonakaliswa kwempilo ngokwayo: umdlalo lapho isu kanye nokwenza ngcono, logic kanye nemizwelo, Ziyahlangana ukuze zenze okuthile okuyingqayizivele. UBohorges wasifundisa ukuthi i-chess akuwona nje umdlalo, kodwa ubuciko, nokuthi ukubaluleka kwaso kwangempela kusemandleni aso okubekela izingqondo nezinhliziyo zethu inselele. Ezweni elivame ukubonakala lihlukene phakathi kokunengqondo kanye nemizwa, Ifa lakhe lisimema ukuthi sithole ibhalansi kuyo yonke inhlangano, kuyo yonke imidlalo, kukho konke ukuphila.