I-Chess ne-AI: Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo noma usongo emdlalweni womuntu?

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, i-chess iyisiteji lapho ubuhlakani bomuntu bulinganiswa ngendlela emsulwa.: isu, ukubekezela nokudala. kodwa namuhla, lelo bhodi lasendulo libhekene nenguquko engakaze ibonwe. I ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela Akagcinanga ngokudlula abadlali abahamba phambili emhlabeni, kodwa ichaze kabusha imikhawulo yalokho okungenzeka, ebuza imibuzo engakhululekile: Ingabe sibhekene nokuhwalala kobuhlakani bomuntu noma ukuqala kwenkathi entsha lapho umdlalo uguqulwa ube okuthile okujulile, kufinyeleleke futhi, ngokuxakayo, abantu abaningi?

Ukuvela izinjini like I-Stockfish o I-AlphaZero -okwakamuva okwazi ukufunda kusukela ekuqaleni ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu - kufiphaze imingcele phakathi kokubala okubandayo kanye nokuqondisisa. Kodwa kude nokuba usongo, I-AI isiphenduke isibuko esibonisa amakhono ethu, umlingani obekela inselele ukuchema kwethu futhi osiphoqa ukuthi siguquke. Kulesi sihloko, Sizohlola ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bulolonga kanjani ikusasa le-chess, kusukela ekuqeqeshweni kwamathalente amasha kuya ekubuseni ngentando yeningi ulwazi, ukudlula ezinkingeni zesimilo eziphakamayo lapho imishini ibeka imithetho yomdlalo.

I-AI njengesibuko: lapho umshini udalula ukulinganiselwa kwethu

Yena 11 Meyi 1997 kuphawule inkathi yoshintsho. Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, I-IBM supercomputer, Uhlule uGarry Kasparov emdlalweni oweqa ibhodi ukuze abe wuphawu lwempi phakathi komuntu nomshini.. Kodwa abambalwa abakhumbulayo yilokho, emdlalweni wesibili, UKasparov wenza iphutha ekuqaleni, umnyakazo obengekho umkhulu obengawucabanga. Ingabe kwakuyiphutha lomuntu noma ukukhohliswa kwengqondo kwe-AI? Impendulo isazoxoxwa, Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi lowo mzuzu wembula okuthile okujulile: ubuhlakani bokwenziwa abubala nje kangcono kunathi, kodwa kuveza ubuthakathaka bethu.

Hoy, izinjini like Leela Chess Zero o I-AlphaZero Bawuthathele phezulu lo mqondo. I-AlphaZero, ithuthukiswe yi-DeepMind, hhayi kuphela ukudlala chess, kodwa uyayibuyisela. Isitayela sakho, ngokusekelwe ekufundeni okuqinisiwe, ibeka phambili ingxenye yomsebenzi kunokunqwabelana kwezinto, ifilosofi egqugquzele abadlali abafana noMagnus Carlsen ukuthi basebenzise ukuvuleka okunamandla. Kodwa nansi indida: Njengoba i-AI isifundisa izindlela ezintsha zokucabanga, Kuyasiphoqa futhi ukuthi sizibuze ukuthi ngabe siyahlulwa yini umnyombo womdlalo. Yini esele ngobuhlakani bomuntu lapho umshini ungakhiqiza izinkulungwane zemidlalo ephelele ngemizuzwana??

Impendulo, ngokumangalisayo, Kungendlela abadlali abasebenzisa ngayo i-AI ukuze bangashintshi umuzwa wabo, kodwa ukuyithuthukisa. Amapulatifomu afana I-Lichess noma i-Chess.com Bahlanganisa izinjini zokuhlaziya ezivumela abasafufusa ukuthi bafunde imidlalo yabo ngokujula obekugcinelwe ochwepheshe ngaphambilini. Nokho, Lokhu kufinyelela kwentando yeningi nakho kubangela ingozi: ukuncika ngokweqile kwezobuchwepheshe. Njengoba uthisha omkhulu uPeter Heine Nielsen exwayisa, “I-AI ifana ne-GPS ye-chess: ikuyisa endaweni oya kuyo, kodwa uma ungayiqondi indlela, awusoze wafunda ukuhamba wedwa”.

I-Hybrid chess: lapho abantu nemishini iqhudelana ndawonye

Uma i-AI ichaze kabusha ukuncintisana, Kuphinde kwaveza ifomethi entsha: yena i-hybrid chess, lapho abantu nemishini kubambisana ngesikhathi sangempela. Kule miqhudelwano, abadlali bangathintana nezinjini ze-chess phakathi nomdlalo, kodwa ngokulinganiselwa kwesikhathi noma ukujula kokuhlaziya. Umphumela uwumdlalo lapho isu lomuntu lihlangana nokubalwa kwe-AI okunembile, ukwakha umbukiso ophonsela inselelo imibono yendabuko yokuthi isho ukuthini “dlala kahle”.

Umqhudelwano wokuqala wezinga eliphezulu we-hybrid chess ububanjwe 2020, ngokubamba iqhaza kwamakhosi amakhulu njengo-Anish Giri noVladimir Kramnik. Okwakuhlaba umxhwele kwakungelona izinga lokudlala kuphela—elalidlula elanoma yimuphi umdlalo womuntu—, kodwa indlela abadlali abasebenzisane ngayo nobuchwepheshe. I-Kramnik, Ngokwesibonelo, wachaza isipiliyoni ngokuthi “ingxoxo nomshini”, lapho isiphakamiso senjini ngasinye sihloliwe hhayi ngokunemba kwenhloso yaso, kodwa ngenxa yokuhambisana kwayo nohlelo lomuntu. Le ndlela idale isikole esisha sokucabanga ku-chess., lapho ubuqambi bungasalinganiswa ngokusuka kokunyakaza, kodwa ukuze ukwazi ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwe-AI kwisitayela somuntu siqu.

Kodwa i-hybrid chess nayo iphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha. Ingabe kulungile ukuthi umdlali onokufinyelela injini enamandla kakhulu unenzuzo? Siwudweba kuphi umugqa phakathi kokubambisana nokukhohlisa? Ku 2022, ihlazo lika “ama-chips” emiqhudelwaneni eku-inthanethi - lapho abadlali besebenzisa khona amadivaysi afihliwe ukuze bathole iziphakamiso ze-AI - kubonise ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bungonakalisa ngisho nezindawo ezilawulwa kakhulu. I-International Chess Federation (I-FIDE) iphendule ngezinyathelo ezinjengezithonjana zamasignali zikagesi, kodwa inkulumo-mpikiswano isavuliwe: Ingabe sibhekene nokuvela kwemvelo kwegeyimu noma ukuhlanekezelwa kwezimiso zayo ezibalulekile?.

Ukwenziwa ngentando yeningi kolwazi: i-AI iyishintsha kanjani imfundo

Omunye wemithelela emihle kakhulu ye-AI kuchess amandla ayo okwenza intando yeningi ukufinyelela olwazini. Ngaphambili, Ukuba ngumdlali oqinile kwakudinga iminyaka yocwaningo lwethiyori, ukufinyelela ezincwadini ezikhethekile kanye, ezimweni eziningi, umeluleki onolwazi. Hoy, Noma ubani onoxhumano lwe-inthanethi angakwazi ukuqeqesha ngezinjini ze-chess, hlaziya imidlalo ye-grandmaster noma uthole izifundo eziqondene nawe kusuka ezisekelweni ezifana I-Chessable noma i-DecodeChess.

Lolu shintsho lube nomthelela oguquguqukayo ezifundeni lapho i-chess ibiwumdlalo osezingeni eliphezulu.. E-Afrika, Ngokwesibonelo, Ukwanda kwezicelo zamaselula kuye kwavumela abantu abasha emazweni afana neNigeria noma iKenya ukuba baqhudelane ngezinga elifanayo nabadlali base-Europe noma baseMelika.. Ku 2023, iKenya Martin Njoroge Waba uthisha wokuqala wamazwe ngamazwe ovela eMpumalanga Afrika, impumelelo ebingacatshangwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Kodwa amandla eqiniso e-AI adlula ukuncintisana: emazweni afana ne-India noma i-Armenia, I-Chess ihlanganiswe ezinhlelweni zemfundo njengethuluzi lokuthuthukisa ukucabanga okunengqondo nokuqina ezinganeni. Ucwaningo olunjengalolo olwenziwa yiNyuvesi yaseTrier eJalimane luye lwabonisa ukuthi abafundi abenza i-chess bathuthukisa ukusebenza kwabo kwezibalo nesayensi., ubufakazi obuholele ohulumeni abafana nabaseSpain ukuthi bakhuthaze ukufakwa kwayo emakilasini.

Nokho, Lokhu kubusa ngentando yeningi nakho kunohlangothi olumnyama. Ukuchayeka ngokweqile ku-AI kungaholela ekuncikeni okuyingozi, ikakhulukazi kubadlali abasebancane. Njengoba isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sezemidlalo sibonisa UFernando Moreno, “lapho ingane ixazulula izinkinga zamaqhinga ngosizo lwemoto, ulahlekelwa ithuba lokuthuthukisa intuition yakho. I-Chess ayikona nje ukubala; Kubuye kube ubuciko, umzwelo kanye, phezu kwakho konke, ubuntu”.

Ikusasa chess: enkathini yangemva kobuntu?

Uma i-AI ichaze kabusha imanje se-chess, Ikusasa layo libeka izimo eziqine nakakhulu. Abanye ochwepheshe, njengesazi sefilosofi Yuval Noah Harari, basikisela ukuthi i-chess ingaba a “umdlalo wezibukeli”, lapho abantu bengasaqhudelani khona, kodwa bheka ukuthi imishini idlala kanjani imidlalo ephelele. Abanye, njengomfundisi omkhulu Viswanathan Anand, banethemba elikhulu: “I-AI ngeke ibulale i-chess; kuzokwenza kuthakazelise. Manje, esikhundleni sokubamba ngekhanda izintuba, abadlali kuzofanele bagxile ku-psychology, ubuhlakani nokuphatha isikhathi, amakhono imishini engakawazi kahle”.

Enye yezindlela ezithembisayo kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezinjini “iyalungiseka”, okuvumela abadlali ukuthi bazilolonge ngokumelene nezinguqulo ze-AI ngezitayela ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, Injini ingalungiselelwa ukulingisa ukudlala okunolaka Mikhail Tal noma ukunemba kwesikhundla kwe Anatoly Karpov. Lokhu kulungiselelwa akugcini nje ngokwenza ukuqeqeshwa kuphumelele kakhulu, kodwa futhi igcina ukuhlukahluka kwezitayela ku-chess, into ukuthi izinjini bendabuko, ngokugxila kwayo ekupheleleni okuhlosiwe, wayesabise ngokwenza i-homogenize.

Kodwa inselele enkulu akuyona ezobuchwepheshe., kodwa zefilosofi. Kusho ukuthini “dlala kahle” ezweni lapho imishini iyohlale inenzuzo? Impendulo ingase isekucabangeni kabusha yona kanye injongo ye-chess. Uma ngaphambili kwakuyinkundla yempi yobuhlakani bomuntu, namuhla ingaba ilabhorethri yokuhlola imingcele yokusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu nemishini. Njengoba uKasparov esho engxoxweni yakamuva: “I-Chess ayisewona umdlalo wamakhosi; Umdlalo wemibuso, lapho abantu nama-algorithms ebusa ndawonye”.

Isiphetho: ibhodi njengesingathekiso sokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu

I-Chess ibilokhu iyinkomba yesikhathi sayo. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, lalifanekisela ukuhleleka kwaphezulu; kwiRenaissance, ubuhlakani bomuntu; ekhulwini lama-20, impi ebandayo. Hoy, eminyakeni yobuhlakani bokwenziwa, Sekuphenduke isibuko sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwethu. I-AI ayikawuchithi umdlalo; uyiguqule yaba into eyinkimbinkimbi, kufinyeleleke kakhudlwana futhi, ekugcineni, abantu abaningi.

Ikusasa le-chess alikho ekuphakameni kwemishini, kodwa ngendlela abantu abafunda ngayo ukuhlala nabo. Akusekho mayelana nokushaya i-AI - into engenakwenzeka -, kodwa ukuyisebenzisa njengethuluzi lokuhlola izindlela ezintsha zokucabanga, ubuhlakani nokuxhumana. Ezweni lapho ubuchwepheshe busongela ukusihlukanisa, i-chess ingaba ibhuloho phakathi kwezizukulwane, amasiko kanye, manje, phakathi kwabantu nama-algorithms. Njengoba imbongi yasho UJorge Luis Borges, “i-chess ngumdlalo ongapheli”. Futhi kulokho okungapheli, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa akuwona ukuphela, kodwa isiqalo esisha.

Inselelo kubadlali, abaqeqeshi nabalandeli kucacile: bamukele ubuchwepheshe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono wokuthi yini eyenza i-chess ihluke: ikhono lakhe lokuxoxa izindaba, ukuxhuma izingqondo nokusikhumbuza lokho, ekupheleni, ngisho nasemhlabeni obuswa imishini, ingqikithi yomdlalo ihlala ijulile yomuntu.