8 izikhathi zama-epic chess ezidelela umqondo

i-chess, lowo mdlalo wasendulo ohlanganisa isu, ubuhlakani kanye ne-psychology, Kuye kwaba isenzakalo sezikhathi ezithakazelisa kakhulu—futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingenangqondo—emlandweni.. Kusukela kumageyimu adelele imithetho yokucabanga ukuya kuma-anecdotes ahambisana ne-surreal, ibhodi libone izimanga ezidlula ukunyakaza okulula kwezingcezu. Yini eholela umpetha omkhulu ukuthi anikele ngendlovukazi yakhe ngesenzo sobuhlakani? Noma umdlali ohlulwe umdlalo ngenxa yephutha elihlekisayo kangangokuthi ubonakala ephuma emdlalweni wamahlaya?? Ngaphandle kwemiqhudelwano nokuvuleka kwetiyetha, i-chess igcina izindaba ezixuba idrama, amahlaya ngisho nokuthinta ukusangana.

Kulesi sihloko, Sizohlola izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili zalezo ezimake ngaphambi nangemuva komdlalo, noma ngenxa yobuhlakani bayo, ukungavamile kwayo noma umthelela wayo esikweni le-chess. Ukusuka “Umdlalo Wekhulu Leminyaka” kwaze kwaba usuku umdlali alahla ngalo umdlalo ngoba imbangi yakhe inuka kabi, Isiqephu ngasinye sembula isici esingalindelekile salo mdlalo wengqondo. Lungela ukuthola ukuthi i-chess injani, ekuhlonipheni kwayo okusobala, iye yakwazi ukwenza ezinye zezimo ezimangalisayo—futhi eziyinqaba—emlandweni.

Yena “Umdlalo Wekhulu Leminyaka”: lapho ingane ka 13 iminyaka walulaza uthisha omkhulu

Yena 17 Okthoba 1956, ku-New York Tournament, osemusha okuthiwa Bobby Fischer -obeseneminyaka emithathu kuphela edlala i-chess ngokuncintisana - wabhekana nomkhulu UDonald Byrne, omunye wabadlali abaqine kakhulu e-United States ngaleso sikhathi. Okwenzeka kulowo mdlalo akumangazanga umhlaba we-chess kuphela, kodwa yaba ingqopha-mlando: UFischer, nge kuphela 13 iminyaka, ihlanganise inhlanganisela ekhazimulayo kangangokuthi ochwepheshe bayibiza ngokuthi “Umdlalo Wekhulu Leminyaka”.

Umdlalo uqale ngokuvuleka okubonakala kungenangozi, i I-Defensa Grünfeld, ngoFischer, ukudlala ngomnyama, wadela intokazi yakhe kulo mnyakazo 17. Akubanga yiphutha, kodwa ukubala okuhlakaniphile: kule minyakazo elandelayo, Waxhumanisa izingcezu zakhe ngokunemba kokuhlinzwa, ishiya i-Byrne ngaphandle kwezinketho. Umdlalo omqoka ufike ekuhambeni 23, lapho uFischer edela umbhishobhi wakhe ukuze avule ifayela eliwujuqu. Byrne, emangele, akakwazanga ukugwema ukunqotshwa, futhi umdlalo uphele ngomlingani ongenakugwemeka ekuhambeni 41.

Into eyashaqisa kakhulu kwakungekhona nje ukunqoba, sino ngendlela uFischer akwenza ngayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, abadlali abaningi basazabalaza ukuqonda imiqondo yamasu athuthukile, kodwa wabonisa ukuqonda okujulile kokuguquguquka kwebhodi, into evame ukwenzeka ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka okuhlangenwe nakho. Yena “Umdlalo Wekhulu Leminyaka” akugcinanga nje ngokwenza uFischer adume, kodwa futhi wachaza kabusha lokho okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka ku-chess. Abahlaziyi abaningi, njengomfundisi omkhulu Garry Kasparov, baveze ukuthi lo mdlalo ubuyinkomba yesitayela esinolaka nesidala esizokhombisa uFischer emsebenzini wakhe..

Kodwa ngaphezu kwenani layo lobuchwepheshe, lesi sikhathi sihlanganisa umlingo we-chess: umdlalo lapho ubudala, Okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nesithunzi kungashanelwa ukukhanya kobuhlakani. UFischer akawinanga kuphela; wafundisa umhlaba ukuthi i-chess ayinamkhawulo.

Umdlalo owaqhubeka 20 amahora (futhi iphele ngokulingana ngenxa yokukhathala)

Uma i-chess iyimpi yengqondo, umdlalo phakathi Ivan Nikolić y UGoran Arsović ku-Yugoslavian Championship 1989 wawuthatha lowomqondo waweqisa. Okuqale njengenye i-duel emqhudelwaneni kube isivivinyo esingakaze sibonwe sokukhuthazela ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.: 269 ukunyakaza phakathi 20 amahora kanye 15 imizuzu, irekhodi le-Guinness elisekhona nanamuhla.

Umdlalo ubusesigabeni sokugcina salo mqhudelwano, lapho bobabili abadlali base bevele beqongelela ukukhathala ezinsukwini zokuncintisana. U-Nikolic, ngezimhlophe, ukhethe ukuvula okuqinile, i French Defense, ngifuna umdlalo wesikhundla. Nokho, U-Arsović uphendule ngokuzimisela okungantengantengi, ivikela isikhundla ngasinye ngokunemba kwemilimitha. Okwakubonakala kuwuthayi lobuchwepheshe kudonse amahora, nabadlali bobabili abaphinda umnyakazo bezama ukudicilela phansi isitha. Esikhathini esithile, Umdlalo ufinyelele kwangqingetshe lapho amaqembu engakwazi ukuphoqa ukuthi anqobe ngaphandle kokuzifaka engozini yokuhlulwa..

Idrama yangempela, nokho, ubengekho ebhodini, kodwa ku izimo okwakudlalwa ngazo. Onompempe, ekhathazekile ngokutubeka kwabadlali, Bazama ukulamula ukuze bavume ukubotshwa, kodwa bala bobabili, ephethwe wumcabango wokuthi omunye uzolenza iphutha. Igumbi lomdlalo, ngokuvamile athule, kwakugcwele ukububula phakathi kwezibukeli, abanye babo bashiye indawo beyobuya ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa bathola abadlali ababili besesimeni esifanayo. Ngisho nabahleli bacabange ukuwumisa lo mdlalo ngenxa yezempilo., kodwa imithetho yomqhudelwano yayikuvimbile.

Ekugcineni, ngemva kokudlula 20 amahora wokushuba, abadlali bavumelene ngokulingana ekuhambeni 269. Kodwa ifa langempela lalo mdlalo kwakungelona irekhodi, sino ukubonakaliswa okukhiqizwe emikhawulweni ye-chess yokuncintisana. Kubaluleke kangakanani ukunweba impi engasawenzi umqondo wamasu?? Ingabe ukukhathala kuyingxenye esemthethweni yomdlalo, noma kufanele kube nemingcele yokuvikela abadlali? Lo mdlalo, ngaphezu kwelukuluku, yaba uphawu lokuthatheka komuntu ngokunqoba, ngisho nalapho izindleko kuyimpilo yomuntu.

Mhla umdlali eyeka ngenxa yokuthi imbangi yakhe yayinuka kabi

Ku 2008, ngesikhathi se I-Norwegian Chess Championship, umfundisi omkhulu Magnus Carlsen -okwakukhona kuphela 17 iminyaka—wabhekana nembangi yakhe, umfundisi omkhulu futhi Simon Agdestein. Okwakufanele kube ngomunye umdlalo emsebenzini womgadli womhlaba wesikhathi esizayo waba omunye wama-anecdotes atholakala kakhulu we-chess yesimanje.. Carlsen, ecasulwe iphunga lomzimba wombangi wakhe, ushiye umdlalo ekuhambeni 33, ethi akakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo.

Lesi sigameko sisuse inkulumompikiswano ngokushesha.: Ingabe bekuvumelekile ukuthi umdlali ahambe ngesizathu esingahambisani nomdlalo?? Onompempe, ngemva kokuxoxisana, Banqume ukuthi uCarlsen wephule imithetho ngokungawuqedi umdlalo, futhi banikeza ukunqoba Agdestein for i-walkover. Nokho, Icala ladlula inkundla yezemidlalo. Abanye abagxeki baphikisene ngokuthi uCarlsen wenze ngendlela engahambisani nezemidlalo., kuyilapho abanye bevikela ukuthi i-chess ingumdlalo wengqondo odinga ukugxilisa ingqondo ngokuphelele, nokuthi noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka—ngisho nephunga elingajabulisi—kungaba yisici esinqumayo.

Okuxakayo kakhulu ngaleli cala ukuthi UCarlsen wayesevele aziwa ngokuzwela kwakhe izisusa zangaphandle. Ezingxoxweni zakamuva, ivume leyo misindo, ukukhanya ngisho nephunga kungaphazamisa ukusebenza kwayo. Lokhu okukhethekile, kude nokuba ubuthakathaka, waba yingxenye yenganekwane yakhe: umdlali ongagcini nje ngokubusa ibhodi, kodwa nendawo yayo. Nokho, Lesi siqephu siphinde sagqamisa inkinga eyenzeka njalo emdlalweni we-chess osezingeni eliphezulu: ukuntuleka kwezinqubo ezilandelwayo ezimweni ezingajwayelekile.

Uma umdlali enelungelo lokucela ukushintshwa kwemibandela uma kukhona okumphazamisayo? Noma i-chess, njengomdlalo wengqondo, idinga ababambiqhaza ukuthi bavumelane nanoma yisiphi isimo? Icala likaCarlsen-Agdestein alizange libe nempendulo ecacile, kodwa kwashiya umbuzo ongakhululekile: Izidingo zingahamba kude kangakanani emdlalweni lapho ingqondo iyikho konke??.

Umdlalo ocishe wabangela impi: UFischer vs. Spassky, 1972

Yena I-World Chess Championship 1972, ebanjelwe eReykjavik, I-Iceland, Kwakungaphezu kwe-duel phakathi kwamakhosi amabili amakhulu: kwaba a umbukwane we-geopolitical phakathi nempi ebandayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, U-Boris Spassky, iqhawe laseSoviet, representante de un sistema que veía el ajedrez como una herramienta de propaganda. Por el otro, Bobby Fischer, i-American genius, un hombre obsesivo, paranoico y brillante, que llegó al match con una lista de exigencias tan absurdas que casi lo hace cancelar.

UFischer, que no había jugado un torneo oficial en más de un año, llegó a Islandia con una actitud desafiante. Exigió que se retiraran las cámaras de televisión (porque, ngokusho kwakhe, emitían radiación que afectaba su concentración), que se cambiara la mesa de juego (porque no le gustaba el color), e incluso que se aumentara el premio en un 50%. Abahleli, desesperados por evitar un fiasco, cedieron a casi todas sus demandas. Pero el verdadero drama comenzó cuando Fischer perdió la primera partida de manera humillante: iphutha ngesikhathi sokuvulwa kwamshiya elahlekile. Ethukuthele, wasola amaSoviet ngokukopela futhi asabisa ngokushiya umqhudelwano.

Okwalandela kwaba uchungechunge lwezingxoxo zamanxusa ezihilela uNobhala Wezwe WaseMelika, UHenry Kissinger, owashayela yena uqobo uFischer ukuze amkholise ukuthi aqhubeke. “IMelika iyakudinga”, wamtshela. UFischer, ekugcineni, wavuma, kodwa ngesimo esisodwa: ukuthi umdlalo wesibili uzodlalelwa ekamelweni elizimele, ngaphandle komphakathi noma amakhamera. Spassky, ngesenzo somdlalo (noma mhlawumbe isu elingokwengqondo), kwamukelwe. Umphumela waba umlando: UFischer uwine umdlalo wesibili ngenhlanganisela ekhaliphile, futhi kusukela lapho, Umdlalo uthathe ijika elingalindelekile.

UFischer akagcinanga ngokuwina ubuqhawe, kodwa waphula ukubusa kweSoviet ku-chess, into eyayibhekwa njengento engenakwenzeka. Ukunqoba kwakhe kwabungazwa e-United States njengokunqoba ngokwemibono., ngenkathi e-USSR kwakubhekwa njengokululazeka. Kodwa ngaphandle kwepolitiki, Umdlalo we-Fischer-Spassky ubonise okuthile okujulile: I-Chess ingaba inkundla yempi lapho kungahlangani izingqondo ezimbili kuphela., kodwa imibono emibili yomhlaba. Futhi kulokhu, Ubuhlakani bukaFischer babumangalisa kangangokuthi ngisho nomshini wenkulumo-ze waseSoviet wawungakwazi ukuwubamba..

Iphutha elibiza kakhulu emlandweni: lapho ugogo elahlekelwa ngu- “hlola umlingani ku-1”

Kuyo I-Linares Chess Tournament 1993, enye ehlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni, umfundisi omkhulu Veselin Topalov —owathi ngemva kweminyaka engumpetha womhlaba—wenza iphutha eliyisisekelo kangangokuthi lisafundwa nanamuhla ezikoleni ze-chess njengesibonelo salokho neze kumele kwenziwe. Emdlalweni obhekene nogogo naye UJudit Polgár, umdlali ongcono kakhulu emlandweni, I-Topalov yayinesikhundla esiphakeme ngokusobala. Nokho, ngobudedengu obungachazeki, akazange abone umlingani ohamba naye futhi walahlekelwa umdlalo.

Kwenzeke iphutha ekuhambeni 36. I-Topalov, ngezimhlophe, wayene-rook esebenzayo kanye nombhishobhi, ngenkathi uPolgár, ngomnyama, wavikela isikhundla esibucayi. Esikhundleni sokuqhubeka nenzuzo yakho, U-Topalov wahambisa i-rook yakhe esigcawini esavumela u-Polgár ukuba ahlangane nendlovukazi yakhe ekuhambeni okulandelayo.. Ibhodi lalibukeka kanje:

• I-Topalov (mhlophe): Qhakaza e8.
• Isakhamuzi (mnyama): Intokazi ku h3.

With a elula Dh3-h1++, U-Polgár uqede umdlalo. I-Topalov, ongakholwayo, Wabuka ibhodi imizuzwana embalwa ngaphambi kokuxhawula imbangi yakhe.. Into eyayimangalisa kakhulu kwakungelona iphutha ngokwalo, sino umongo okwenzeka kuwo: umqhudelwano we-elite, lapho abadlali besetshenziselwa ukubala okuhlukile okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokunemba kwemilimitha. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi umkhulu wezinga lakhe angayinaki into ephansi kangaka??

Abahlaziyi banikeze imibono eminingana. Abanye basikisela ukuthi iTopalov, esifisweni sakhe sokuwina, wagcwalisa ingqondo yakhe ngezinhlobonhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ukulahlekelwa ukubona okusobala. Abanye bakhomba ukukhathala: Umqhudelwano weLinares waziwa ngezimfuno zawo zomzimba, futhi abadlali ngokuvamile bafinyelela ekupheleni komncintiswano izinzwa zabo zibhujisiwe. Kodwa mhlawumbe incazelo ezwakalayo yileyo i-chess, ngisho nasezingeni eliphezulu, kusewumdlalo wabantu, futhi abantu bayawenza amaphutha.

Lesi siqephu sisebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi, nakuba ubuchwepheshe kanye nokulungiselela sekuguqukile, I-Chess iseyi-duel phakathi kwemiqondo emibili, nakuleyo duel, ingcindezi, Ukukhathala ngisho nokuzikhukhumeza kungasebenza ngokumelene nawe.. UTopalov wafunda isifundo sakhe kabuhlungu: ku-chess, umzuzwana wokunganaki ungabiza umdlalo, umqhudelwano ngisho nomjaho.

Iziphetho: lapho i-chess idlula ibhodi

i-chess, engqikithini yayo, Kungumdlalo wemithetho elula kodwa amathuba angenamkhawulo. Nokho, njengoba sesibonile kuzo zonke lezi zikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili, Ubukhulu bakhe bangempela abukho kuphela kumasu noma kumasu, kodwa ku izindaba zabantu ezilukwe ebhodini. Kusukela kungqondongqondo ongaphambi kwesikhathi ka-Bobby Fischer kuya ekukhathaleni okwedlulele komdlalo we 20 amahora, ukubhekana namaphutha abonakala ephuma ephusheni elibi kanye nama-anecdotes amngcele okungenangqondo, i-chess ifakazele ukuthi iyinkomba yesimo somuntu: elikhanyayo, entekenteke, obsessive futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, engenangqondo.

Lezi ziqephu zisifundisa ukuthi i-chess ayiwona nje umdlalo wengqondo, kodwa futhi a isibuko sokuphikisana kwethu. Ungakuchaza kanjani ukuthi umdlali ofana noFischer, ekwazi ukubala okuhlukile ngokunemba okungaphezu komuntu, Naye ubeyindoda ehlushwa i-paranoia? Noma ukuthi uthisha omkhulu njengoTopalov, abaqeqeshelwe ukubona okungabonakali, Ngingakunaki okusobala kakhulu? Impendulo iwukuthi chess, njengempilo, ayiphelele. Igcwele izikhathi zenkazimulo kanye nokwehluleka okukhulu., yezemidlalo kanye nezimo zengqondo ezingahambisani nomqondo ophusile.

Ngaphandle kwamarekhodi nemidlalo ekhumbulekayo, Okubekezelela ngempela kulezi zikhathi yikhono labo loku xhuma nokuthile emhlabeni jikelele. Konke, ngesinye isikhathi, sikuzwile ukukhungatheka kwephutha elingagwemeka, injabulo yokunqoba okungalindelekile noma ukungaphatheki kahle kwembangi eyathi, ngephutha, Kusikhipha emdlalweni wethu.. i-chess, ngalowo mqondo, Kuyi-microcosm yokuphila: indawo lapho kungqubuzana khona ubuhlakani nemizwelo, lapho kuhlangana khona umqondo nesiphithiphithi, futhi kuphi, ekupheleni, okusalayo akuzona nje izingcezu ebhodini, kodwa izindaba esizixoxa ngabo.

Ngakho ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho ubuka umdlalo we-chess, khumbula: ngemuva kwawo wonke umnyakazo kunendaba. Ezinye zizoba ngamaqhawe, ezinye eziyinqaba, kodwa bonke bayoba nokuthile abafana ngakho: Bazosikhumbuza lokho, ekupheleni, i-chess ayidlalwa ngengqondo kuphela, kodwa futhi ngenhliziyo.