10 amaphutha enkumbulo abambezela i-chess yakho (nendlela yokuzilungisa)

i-chess, lelo bhodi 64 izikwele lapho izimpi buthule, Kungaphezu komdlalo: Kuyisibuko somqondo womuntu. Umdlalo ngamunye wembula amasu namaqhinga kuphela, kodwa futhi namaphutha avelayo anciphisa inqubekelaphambili yabaqalayo. Lokhu kwehluleka, kude nokuba ukweqa okulula, Ziyizimpawu zamaphethini engqondo ezithiya i ukufunda chess kanye nekhono lokugcina ulwazi esikhathini eside. Kungani abanye abadlali beshesha ukushesha kuyilapho abanye behlala iminyaka benganyakazi? Ngokuvamile impendulo ifihliwe endleleni abaphatha ngayo—noma bayichitha—inkumbulo nokunaka kwabo..

Kulokhu kuhlaziya, sizoyiqaqa 10 Amaphutha avame ukwenziwa abaqalayo, kodwa hhayi ebusweni. Sizodlulela ngale kokusobala njengo “hhayi ukuthuthukisa izingxenye” o “shiya inkosi phakathi”. Sizohlola ukuthi la maphutha ahlanganiswe kanjani nezinqubo zokucabanga, zithinta kanjani i inkumbulo ku-chess y, into ebaluleke kakhulu, indlela yokuwalungisa ukuze aguqule ukukhungatheka kube ukukhula. Kungani, ekupheleni, I-Chess ayigcini nje ngokuwina imidlalo., kodwa ukuqonda ukuthi kungani silahlekelwa.

Inkohliso ye “funda ngokubona”: inganekwane yenkumbulo yokwenziwa

Elinye lamaphutha asakazeke kakhulu phakathi kwabaqalayo ukukholelwa ukuthi ukubuka imidlalo ye-grandmaster-kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kumapulatifomu afana chess ku-inthanethi noma ezincwadini—okwanele ukuzithuthukisa. Lo mkhuba, nakuba ewusizo, iba inkemba esika nhlangothi zombili uma yenziwa ngaphandle kwendlela esebenzayo. Inkumbulo yomuntu ayisebenzi njenge-hard drive egcina ulwazi ngokuchayeka kalula; kudinga ukusebenzisana, ukuphindaphinda okunezikhala futhi, phezu kwakho konke, isicelo esingokoqobo.

Isazi sezinzwa uDaniel Schacter, encwadini yakhe *Izono eziyisikhombisa zenkumbulo*, ichaza ukuthi inkumbulo engenzi lutho—engabandakanyi umzamo wokuqaphela—iyisikhashana. ku-chess, Lokhu kubangela ukuthi abadlali babambe ngekhanda izikhala ngaphandle kokuqonda imibono yabo eyisisekelo., noma ubani ophinda umnyakazo wemidlalo edumile ngaphandle kokuhlaziya ukuthi kungani esebenze. Umphumela uwulwazi oluntekenteke, lokho kuyafiphala ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomdlalo wangempela.

Isixazululo akukona ukuyeka ukufunda imidlalo, kodwa ukukwenza ngendlela ebucayi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ubuyekeza umdlalo we Magnus Carlsen, Osaqalayo kufanele abuze: Kungani adela leso silwane?? Iyiphi ingozi efihla ukunyakaza kwayo? Ngangizosabela kanjani kuleso simo?? Lolu hlobo lombuzo luyasebenza inkumbulo ye-semantic, okuyikhona okuvumela imiqondo ukuthi ijwayeleke futhi isetshenziswe ezimweni ezintsha. Ngaphandle kwalesi sinyathelo, ukufunda kwehlela esenzweni sokholo, bengaqondi.

Isifo se-syndrome “ukunyakaza komfutho”: lapho inkumbulo yesikhashana ihluleka

Iphutha lesibili, kuxhumene kakhulu nokwangaphambilini, ukuthambekela kokudlala ukunyakaza okusekelwe emizweni noma inkumbulo yesikhashana. Lokhu kwenzeka uma umdlali, ebhekene nesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi, khetha umnyakazo ngoba “kubonakala kukuhle” okwamanje, ngaphandle kokuhlola imiphumela yesikhathi eside. Inkumbulo esebenzayo—lelo khono elilinganiselwe elisivumela ukuba sigcine ukwaziswa okwesikhashana—ligcwele, futhi ubuchopho bukhetha inketho efinyeleleka kakhulu, hhayi okuhle kakhulu.

Ucwaningo olushicilelwe kokuthi *Nature* in 2016 ibonise ukuthi abadlali be-chess abangochwepheshe abanayo inkumbulo ephakeme yamaphethini, kodwa futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu ekuhlungeni ulwazi olungabalulekile.. Abaqalayo, esikhundleni salokho, Ngokuvamile bawela ogibeni lokucabangela okuguquguqukayo okuningi ngesikhathi esisodwa., okuholela ezinqumweni ezisheshayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Iphutha lakudala ukubamba i-pawn nendlovukazi ekuqaleni kwegeyimu., ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuthi lokhu kumchaya ekuhlaselweni okwengeziwe.

Isihluthulelo sokunqoba leli phutha ukuthuthukisa a inqubo yesinqumo. Ngaphambi kokuthutha, umdlali kufanele azibuze imibuzo emithathu: Yini esongela imbangi yami? Iyiphi ingxenye engasebenzi kakhulu endaweni yami? Iluphi uhlelo lwesikhathi eside engingalwenza?? Le ndlela, nakuba elula, iphoqa ubuchopho ukuthi bubeke phambili ulwazi futhi kunciphisa ukuncika kwinkumbulo yesikhashana. Ngaphandle kwalokho, isitimela nge amamojula we-chess ezihlaziya imidlalo ngesikhathi sangempela zingasiza ukufaka ngaphakathi kulawa maphethini okucabanga.

Ukuthatheka ngokuvuleleka: iphutha lokubeka phambili inkumbulo kunokuqonda

Iphutha lesithathu, kungenzeka, okuyindida kakhulu: Abaqalayo bavame ukuchitha amahora bebamba ngekhanda izikhala, bekholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuzobanikeza inzuzo ngokushesha, lapho empeleni ingenye yezindawo lapho inomthelela omncane kakhulu ezingeni lakho lokudlala. Ukuvuleleka kubalulekile, kodwa kuphela uma uqonda inhloso yayo. Ukukhumbula ngekhanda okuhlukile ngaphandle kokuqonda imibono yamasu ngemuva kwakho kufana nokufunda imishwana ngolimi lwangaphandle ngaphandle kokwazi uhlelo lolimi.: ingasebenza ezimweni eziqondile kakhulu, kodwa yehluleka nanoma yikuphi ukuhluka.

Icala eliwuphawu yilelo labadlali abakhonyayo I-Sicilian Defense kuze kube umnyakazo 15, kodwa yini, ngokuchezuka kusikripthi, balahlekile. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ulwazi lwabo lusekelwe ku- inkumbulo esimemezelayo -leyo egcina amaqiniso-, esikhundleni se inkumbulo inqubo -leyo egcina amakhono-. Esokuqala siqinile; owesibili, vumelana nezimo.

Isixazululo akukona ukulahla isifundo sokuvuleka, kodwa sondela kuyo ngokukhalipha. Esikhundleni sokubamba ngekhanda 20 ukunyakaza kwe Ruy Lopez, kuwusizo kakhulu ukuqonda izimiso ezijwayelekile: lawula isikhungo, ukuthuthukisa izingxenye, castle ekuseni bese uxhuma ama-rooks. Le mibono ingeyomhlaba wonke futhi isebenza kunoma yikuphi ukuvulwa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, amapulatifomu afana I-Lichess nikeza amathuluzi okuprakthiza ukuvuleka endaweni esebenzisanayo, donde el jugador puede experimentar con variantes y recibir feedback inmediato.

El descuido del final: cuando la memoria a largo plazo se ignora

Si las aperturas son el inicio de la partida, los finales son su clímax. Nokho, muchos principiantes subestiman su importancia, creyendo que las partidas se deciden en el medio juego. Este error es especialmente grave porque los finales exigen un tipo de memoria diferente: la capacidad de recordar patrones específicos y aplicarlos con precisión milimétrica. Un jugador que no estudia finales está condenado a cometer errores básicos, como no saber cómo dar mate con rey y dama contra rey, o desperdiciar oportunidades en posiciones ganadoras.

El psicólogo Anders Ericsson, conocido por su teoría de las 10,000 horas de práctica deliberada, argumenta que la excelencia en cualquier campo requiere enfocarse en las áreas de mayor debilidad. ku-chess, los finales son una de esas áreas. Un principiante que dedica solo el 10% de su tiempo de estudio a los finales está limitando severamente su progreso. La buena noticia es que los finales son más fáciles de sistematizar que otras fases del juego. Izincwadi ezifana *100 Finales de Ajedrez que Hay que Saber* de Jesús de la Villa son una excelente introducción, ya que presentan patrones claros y repetibles.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, el estudio de finales tiene un efecto colateral beneficioso: ithuthukisa i memoria de reconocimiento. Esta es la capacidad de identificar patrones familiares en contextos nuevos, una habilidad crucial no solo en el ajedrez, kodwa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, Umdlali oqeqeshe i-rook ne-pawn ngokumelene nesiphetho se-rook uzoqaphela ngokwemvelo ukuthi kufanele enze i-rook yakhe isebenze endaweni efanayo., ngisho noma ibhodi ligcwele izingcezu.

Ugibe lwe “ngimelene nezwe”: iphutha lokungayihlaziyi imidlalo yomuntu

Iphutha lesihlanu, ngezindlela eziningi, umuntu kakhulu: ukumelana nokuhlaziya imidlalo yomuntu siqu. ngemva kokuhlulwa, Kuyalinga ukusola amabhadi, ukuphazamisa noma ngisho imbangi. Kodwa chess, njengempilo, akathetheleli ukuzitika. Wonke umdlalo, noma ukunqoba noma ukunqotshwa, Kuyithuba lokufunda, kodwa kuphela uma uhlolwa ngobuqotho.

Inkinga iwukuthi ingqondo yomuntu ivame ukukhumbula lokho okuqinisekisa izinkolelo zayo futhi ingakunaki lokho okuziphikisayo.. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi isiqinisekiso sokukhetha. Umdlali okholelwa ukuthi nguye “omuhle kumaqhinga” uzokhumbula ukunqoba kwakho okusekelwe ezinhlanganisela ezihlakaniphile, kodwa uzokhohlwa imidlalo lapho ulahlekelwe khona ngoba awuzange ubale ukulandelana kahle. Ukulwisana nalokhu kuchema, Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa indlela yesayensi: bhalisa imidlalo, zihlaziye ngamathuluzi afana I-Stockfish, futhi akhombe amaphethini amaphutha avelayo.

Indlela ephumelelayo ukuhlaziywa kwe-retrospective. Ngemva komdlalo, umdlali kufanele ayakhe kabusha ngenkumbulo, ngaphandle kokubheka ibhodi, futhi uqaphele ukuthi yimaphi amaphuzu inkumbulo yakho ihluke kweqiniso. Lokhu akugcini nje ukuthuthukisa inkumbulo, kodwa futhi iveza ukuthi iziphi izici zomdlalo ebezibaluleke kakhulu kuye. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umdlali ekhumbula ngokucacile umhlatshelo we-rook, kodwa ukhohlwe iphutha ekuqaleni, Kuwuphawu lokuthi udinga ukusebenza okwengeziwe kuleso sici..

Inganekwane yethalente azalwe nalo: lapho inkumbulo ithathwa kancane

Iphutha lesithupha, Empeleni, inkolelo enomkhawulo: umqondo wokuthi i-chess iwumdlalo “izihlakaniphi” noma abantu abanethalente abazalwa nalo. Lo mbono, nakuba ezothando, kungamanga. Izifundo ezifana nekaFernand Gobet noGuillermo Campitelli, eshicilelwe zu *Psychological Science*, bonisa ukuthi isici esinquma kakhulu empumelelweni ku-chess akuyona i-IQ, kodwa ubungako kanye nekhwalithi yokwenza. Ngamanye amazwi, inkumbulo—eqeqeshwe ngokuphindaphinda nokuhlaziya—ibaluleke kakhulu kunanoma yikuphi ukucabanga “don natural”.

Icala lika Bobby Fischer Kungumfanekiso. Nakuba ekhunjulwa njenge-prodigy, ukukhuphukela kwakhe esicongweni somhlaba kwaba umphumela weminyaka yokufunda ngokugxila. UFischer akagcinanga nje ngekhanda imidlalo, kodwa wazihlephula waze waqonda yonke imininingwane. Inkumbulo yakhe yayingeyona imilingo; Kwakuwumkhiqizo wendlela eqinile.

Kwabaqalayo, lezi yizindaba ezinhle: I-Chess ngumdlalo ofinyeleleka kunoma ngubani ozimisele ukuqeqesha inkumbulo yakhe ngendlela ehlelekile.. Ukhiye uku ukwenza ngamabomu, umqondo obandakanya ukugxila ezindaweni ezithile zokuthuthukisa, thola impendulo ngokushesha futhi uphume endaweni yokunethezeka. Ngokwesibonelo, esikhundleni sokudlala imidlalo esheshayo ngaphandle kokucabanga, oqalayo kufanele achithe isikhathi ekuxazululeni izinkinga zamasu, lapho umsebenzi ngamunye uqinisa iphethini yenkumbulo ehlukile.

Ukuhlukana phakathi kwethiyori nokusebenza: lapho inkumbulo ingasetshenziswa

Iphutha lesikhombisa igebe phakathi kwalokho umdlali akwaziyo ngokwethiyori nalokho akusebenzisa ekuzilolongeni.. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu kubadlali bamageyimu abasebenzisa okuqukethwe okuningi—izincwadi, amavidiyo, izifundo—kodwa azikwenzi ngendlela ehlelekile. inkumbulo, kulezi zimo, iba inqolobane yolwazi olungenamsebenzi, njengomtapo wolwazi ogcwele izincwadi ezingafundwa muntu.

Isibonelo sakudala umdlali owazi umthetho oyisikwele eziphethweni ze-pawn., kodwa yini, emdlalweni wangempela, akawusebenzisi ngoba ethukile noma ephazamisekile. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba inkumbulo yetiyori ayizange ihlanganiswe ne inkumbulo inqubo, okuyikhona okuqondisa izenzo ezizenzakalelayo. Ukuvala lesi sikhala, Kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa isifundo setiyetha nokuzijwayeza okusebenzayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokufunda umqondo onjalo zugzwang, Umdlali kufanele abheke imidlalo lapho kuvela khona lesi sisetshenziswa futhi ahlaziye ukuthi sisetshenziswe kanjani.

Elinye ithuluzi eliwusizo yi- ukuqeqeshwa ngemikhawulo. Ngokwesibonelo, dlala imidlalo lapho inhloso kungekona ukuwina, kodwa ukusebenzisa umqondo othize, njengokulawula isikhungo noma umsebenzi wesiqephu. Lokhu kuphoqa ubuchopho ukuthi bubeke phambili ukusetshenziswa kwalokho okufundiwe phezu komphumela osheshayo., ukuqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwethiyori nokwenza.

Iphutha lokulayisha kakhulu: lapho inkumbulo igcwele

Iphutha lesishiyagalombili lizama ukufunda okuningi ngesikhathi esifushane. Esikhathini sedijithali, lapho ukufinyelela olwazini kungenamkhawulo, kuyalinga ukusebenzisa okuqukethwe ngokungaphezi: Amavidiyo e-YouTube, izifundo ze-inthanethi, evula izincwadi. Kodwa ubuchopho bomuntu bunemingcele. I inkumbulo yokusebenza, lelo khono lokugcina ulwazi okwesikhashana, ingashayela phakathi 4 y 7 izakhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusho kwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uGeorge Miller. Lapho oqalayo ezama ukumunca ulwazi oluningi kakhulu, inkumbulo yakho igcwele, futhi okufanele ngabe ukufunda kuba nomsindo.

Ucwaningo oluvela eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia lubonise ukuthi abafundi abasabalalisa izifundo zabo ngamaseshini amafushane, anezikhala bagcina ulwazi oluningi kunalabo abalwenza ngamarathoni athatha ihora lonke.. ku-chess, Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuphumelela kakhulu ukutadisha 30 imizuzu ngosuku, egxile esihlokweni esisodwa, yini okumele uyinikele 5 amahora ngeSonto ukubukeza konke okufundiwe ngesonto.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, Kubalulekile ukubeka phambili ikhwalithi ngaphezu kobuningi. Esikhundleni sokuzama ukukhumbula ngekhanda zonke izinhlobo ze King's Indian Defense, Kungcono ukwazi umugqa owodwa noma emibili eyinhloko futhi uqonde imibono yabo yamasu. Lokhu akuvimbi kuphela ukugcwala kwenkumbulo, kodwa futhi kusiza ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo. Amathuluzi afana I-Chessable Ziwusizo kulokhu, njengoba basebenzisa ama-algorithms okuphindaphinda anezikhala ukuze bathuthukise ukufunda.

Ukuntuleka kwempendulo: lapho inkumbulo ingalungiswa

Iphutha lesishiyagalolunye lidlala ngaphandle kokuthola impendulo yangaphandle. inkumbulo, yedwa, akwanele ukuthuthukisa; idinga ukulungiswa nokucwengwa. Umdlali odlala kuphela amageyimu aku-inthanethi ngaphandle kokuwahlaziya noma ukuthola isiqondiso kumqeqeshi uyalahlwa ukuphinda amaphutha afanayo kaningi.. Lokhu kufana nokuzama ukufunda ulimi ngokukhuluma wedwa., ngaphandle kokulalela izikhulumi zomdabu noma ukuthola izilungiso.

Impendulo ingavela emithonjeni eminingi: umqeqeshi, injini ye-chess, noma imbangi enolwazi kakhudlwana. Okubalulekile ukuthi kuqondile futhi kuyenzeka. Ngokwesibonelo, esikhundleni sokuthi “udlale ngokungalungile”, impendulo enhle ingabonisa: “ekuhambeni 5, iqhawe lakho ku-c3 uvimbele ukuqhubekela phambili kwe-d4 pawn, yini eyanciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kombhishobhi wakho”. Lezi zinhlobo zokulungiswa zivumela umdlali ukuthi abone amaphethini amaphutha futhi asebenze kuwo..

Ngaphandle kwalokho, impendulo akudingeki ibe ngokusemthethweni. Amapulatifomu afana Chess.com nikeza ukuhlaziywa kwegeyimu okuzenzakalelayo, okungaba yithuluzi elihle kakhulu labadlali abangenakho ukufinyelela kumqeqeshi. Okumqoka wukungahlali kahle ngomphumela womdlalo, kodwa baqonde ngoba yanqotshwa noma yahlulwa.

Iphutha lokugcina: phambanisa ukukhumbula nokufunda

Iphutha leshumi nelokugcina, ngezindlela eziningi, ukuhlanganiswa kwakho konke okwedlule: phambanisa ukukhumbula nokufunda. Umdlali obamba ngekhanda izikhala, amaqhinga neziphetho ngaphandle kokuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo owakha igeyimu yakho esihlabathini. inkumbulo, ku-chess, Akusona isiphetho ngokwako, kodwa ithuluzi lokuthuthukisa ukuqonda.

Isibonelo esicacile yileso sabadlali ababamba ngekhanda i Ukuhamba Okungafi de Anderssen, kodwa abaqondi ukuthi kungani umhlatshelo wendlovukazi usebenza kulowo mongo. Ngaphandle kwalokho kuqonda, Ngeke bakwazi ukusebenzisa umqondo emidlalweni yabo. Ukufunda kweqiniso kwenzeka lapho inkumbulo ihlanganiswa nokucabanga okunengqondo, ubuhlakani kanye nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo.

Ukuze ugweme leli phutha, Kubalulekile ukuthatha indlela ephelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungafundi imidlalo nokuvuleka kuphela, kodwa nomlando we-chess, i-psychology yomdlalo ngisho nefilosofi. Ngokwesibonelo, funda mayelana UWilhelm Steinitz kanye nethiyori yakhe yokulinganisela ku-chess ingasiza ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani izimiso ezithile zamasu zisebenza. Ngendlela efanayo, hlaziya imidlalo ye Kasparov vs Karpov ingaveza ukuthi i-psychology ithonya kanjani izinqumo ebhodini.

Ekupheleni, i-chess ngumdlalo wokukhumbula, kodwa hhayi ngomqondo okha phezulu. Umdlalo wenkumbulo ehlakaniphile, lapho okukhunjulwayo kungekona ukunyakaza okukodwa, kodwa amaphethini, imibono nezimiso. Amaphutha abaqalayo abawenzayo akukona ukwehluleka kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa izimpawu zobudlelwano obungasebenzi kahle nenkumbulo. Ukuzilungisa akudingi ubuhlakani, kodwa isiyalo, ilukuluku futhi, phezu kwakho konke, ukuzimisela ukufunda emdlalweni ngamunye, noma ukunqoba noma ukunqotshwa.

Ibhodi selilungile. Izingcezu, esikhundleni. Umbuzo awukona ukuthi ungakwazi yini ukunqoba, kodwa uma uzimisele ukukhumbula—futhi ufunde—kuyo yonke iminyakazo.

i-chess, njengempilo, Akukona ukugwema amaphutha., kodwa ukuziqonda. Wonke umdlalo ulahlekile, yonke imiqondo engasetshenziswanga kahle, konke ukuvulwa kukhohliwe ngesikhathi esibalulekile, Kuyithuba lokucija inkumbulo yakho futhi, naye, ingqondo. Amaphutha esiwahlaziyile awazona izikhubekiso ezilula; Ziyizimpawu zokuthi silucubungula kanjani ulwazi, ukuthi siyigcina kanjani nokuthi siyibuyisa kanjani ngaphansi kwengcindezi.

Imemori ku-chess ayisona isitolo sedatha esingenzi lutho, kodwa umsipha oqiniswa ngokusetshenziswa okukhaliphile. Umdlali obamba ngekhanda okuhlukile ngaphandle kokukuqonda ufana nomculi ophinda isikali ngaphandle kokuwuzwa umculo.. Intuthuko yeqiniso iza lapho inkumbulo iba ukuqonda, kanye nokuqonda, ngengqondo. Lapho oqalayo eyeka ukubona ibhodi njengeqoqo lezicucu futhi eqala ukuyibona njengohlelo lwamaphethini axhumene., wenze ukugxuma kwekhwalithi okulihlukanisa nokuma.

Kodwa le ndlela ayiqondile. Kuzoba nemidlalo lapho, naphezu kocwaningo, inkumbulo izohluleka. Izikhathi zokukhungatheka lapho okufundiwe kuzobonakala kuhwamuka. Kungalezo zikhathi lapho i-chess yembula khona isifundo sayo esibaluleke kakhulu: iphutha akusona isitha, kodwa umfundisi. Wonke u-jack mate wagwema, yonke inhlanganisela ibalwa ngokunembile, wonke owamanqamu uwine ngamasu, Kungumphumela wokuwela ogibeni olufanayo ngaphambili. inkumbulo, ngakho, akulona nje ifayela, kodwa ibalazwe lokuhlangenwe nakho eliqondisa ezinqumweni ezihlakaniphile.

Inselele enkulu akukona ukuba yingcweti ye-chess, kodwa ukwazi ubuciko bokufunda. Kungani, ekupheleni, ibhodi akuyona into engaphezu kwesibuko. Akubonisi nje kuphela amandla nobuthakathaka bethu, kodwa nekhono lethu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. futhi lokho, kungenzeka, kube umdlalo obaluleke kunayo yonke.