Lucena: incwadi eyaphinda yavelisa ichess yanamhlanje

Unyaka 1512 Yayingeyonqaku nje kwikhalenda.; Yayilixesha apho i-chess yayeka ukuba ngumdlalo wamaxesha aphakathi ukuze ibe libala ledabi lobukrelekrele elinemithetho esachaza intsingiselo yalo namhlanje.. Kumatshini wokushicilela waseSalamanca, incwadi ebonakala ithozamile, Ukuphindaphinda koThando kunye noBugcisa beChess, nguLuis Ramírez de Lucena, yavela njengencwadi yokuqala eprintiweyo edibanisa imithetho yechess yanamhlanje. Kodwa ixabiso layo lokwenene alikho ekubeni yincwadi elula., kodwa ekubeni sisiqinisekiso sokuzalwa soguquko: lowo waguqula into yokuzonwabisa ibe yinkqubo yokucinga. Eli nqaku lityhila indlela umbhalo wenkulungwane ye-16 owabeka ngayo iziseko zento esiyiqondayo ngesicwangciso namhlanje., idini nobuhle ebhodini, kwaye kutheni ilifa lakhe lihlala lilikhonkco elilahlekileyo phakathi kwe umdlalo we-medieval chess kunye nomdlalo owaloyisa ihlabathi.

Umbhalo-ngqangi owaphikisana nesithethe kwiinkulungwane ezintlanu

Ngaphambi kweLucena, I-chess yayingumdlalo oqhekezayo. Imithetho yayisahluka ngokwemimandla: kwezinye iinguqulelo, inenekazi-emva koko labizwa alferza- inokushukuma isikwere esinye kuphela ngediagonal, ngelixa ubhishophu etsibela phakathi “L” njengehashe elimile. I pawn, kwelakhe icala, akazange abe nelungelo lokuqhubela phambili izikwere ezibini kwintshukumo yakhe yokuqala. ULucena akazange ayile le mithetho, kodwa wazicwangcisa ngexesha elinzima: xa umatshini wokushicilela kaGutenberg wawusele ukwidemokhrasi ulwazi yaye iYurophu yayifuna ulwimi oluqhelekileyo lobuchule. Incwadi yakhe yayingeyoncwadi nje elula, kodwa i-manifesto eyamanyanisa isiphithiphithi. Njengoko umbhali-mbali uHarold James Murray esitsho, “ULucena akazange abhalele abadlali, kodwa ngenxa yeengcinga”.

Umnqophiso ubandakanya 150 iingxaki, kodwa ubuchule bakhe buxhomekeke kwindlela aziveza ngayo. Ayingomthambo ocacileyo, kodwa iimeko ezibonisa ubomi benkundla yelo xesha: amadabi embeko, amayelenqe ebhotwe kunye nothando lwezafobe. Umzekelo, enye yezona ngxaki zidumileyo-i “Iqabane likaLucena”-Ibonisa indlela i-pawn enokuthi ibe yikumkanikazi kwaye ithathe isigqibo ngomdlalo, into engenakucingelwa kwi-medieval chess. Le nkcukacha yayingeyonto encinci: ifanekisela ukushukuma kwezentlalo kwiRenaissance, apho ukufaneleka kunokuphakamisa umntu oqhelekileyo (iphini) kwiwonga lobuhandiba (kwinenekazi). Apha, I-Chess yayeka ukuba yimbonakaliso ye-feudal hierarchy kwaye yaba sisipili seminqweno yabantu.. Ukuphonononga nzulu kwindlela ukumkanikazi achaza ngayo amandla ebhodini, ungaphonononga olu hlalutyo lokuzivelela kwayo.

I-Lucena Paradox: umbhali ongenabuso kunye nencwadi engenamhla

Ngokumangalisayo, Sazi ngakumbi ngale ncwadi kunombhali wayo.. ULuis Ramírez de Lucena ngumntu ongaqondakaliyo: akukho mifanekiso, okanye iingxelo zobomi bakhe ngaphaya komsebenzi wakhe. abanye ababhali-mbali, njengoRicardo Calvo, bacebise ukuba inokuba ligama lendoda elinene elikhethe ukungaziwa ukuphepha ukunxulumana nomdlalo osajongwa ngokurhanelwa yiCawe.. Inyaniso kukuba incwadi yakhe yajikeleza ngexesha apho i-chess yayitshutshiswa ngenxa yokudibanisa nokuzonwabisa kunye nobungendawo.. Kwi 1212, IBhunga laseParis lalikwalele oko kubefundisi, kwaye kwi 1310, UKumkani Edward II waseNgilani wayibhengeza “umdlalo wongcakazo”. Lucena, nangona kunjalo, yabonisa njengobugcisa, hayi njenge vice. Intshayelelo yakhe iyisikhuselo esichuliweyo: “I-Chess sisipili sobomi, apho iqhekeza ngalinye linendawo yalo kunye nentshukumo nganye, isiphumo sayo”.

Imfihlelo inabela kumhla wokubhalwa kwencwadi. Nangona ibhalwe umhla 1512, Eminye imizekelo inophawu lwe 1497, nto leyo eya kuyenza ibe yincwadi yokuqala eprintiweyo yechess. Lo mahluko udale iingxoxo phakathi kweebhibliophiles, kodwa okubalulekileyo koko kutyhilwa sisicatshulwa malunga nomxholo waso: Speyin, embundwini wenkulungwane ye-16, Yayiziinkcubeko ezininzi—ubuKristu, UmSilamsi kunye namaYuda-kunye nechess, ilifa kuma-Arabhu, ilungiselelwe le meko intsha. Lucena hayi imithetho ekhowudiweyo kuphela, kodwa endaweni yoko yawabeka kwimeko yeYurophu eyayiqala ukuxabisa ingqiqo ngaphezu kwesithethe. Umsebenzi wakhe, kwimeko, ibhulorho phakathi Ilifa lama-Arabhu kunye nechess yanamhlanje.

Yena “Iqabane likaLucena”: umdlalo owatshintsha imbali

Phakathi kweengxaki ezivezwa yile ncwadi, Kukho enye ebalaseleyo ngobuhle bayo kunye nefuthe layo kwithiyori yechess: yena “Iqabane likaLucena”, kwaziwa njenge “i-rook kunye ne-pawn ngokuchasene ne-rook”. Esi siphelo, ngokucacileyo ilula, ifihla ubunzulu obucwangcisiweyo obusaxaka abadlali bawo onke amanqanaba namhlanje. Isikhundla esiqhelekileyo sibonisa icala eline-rook kunye ne-pawn kwirenki yesixhenxe, egrogrisa ngesithsaba, ngelixa umchasi ezama ukubhloka ngenqaba yakhe. U-Lucena wabonisa oko, ngobuchule obufanelekileyo, icala elomeleleyo linokunyanzela uloyiso, nokuba ukumkani okhuselayo usondele kwi-pawn.

Into enika umdla ngesi siphelo kukuba ayiyontshukumo ikrelekrele, kodwa indlela. U-Lucena wafundisa ukuba i-chess yayingengombandela nje wengqondo, kodwa ngolwazi. Lo mgaqo wabeka isiseko koko sikubiza ngokuba namhlanje “isiphelo ithiyori”, intsimi eyahlula iinkosi kwabangabasafundanga. Njengoko utitshala omkhulu uYuri Averbakh wabhala, “ULucena's Mate lilitye lembombo le-positional chess”. Ufundo lwakhe lunyanzelise abadlali ukuba bacinge ngokwezicwangciso, hayi iindlela zobuchule, kwaye yaphawula isiqalo sexesha apho ukulungiswa kwethiyori kuye kwabaluleke kakhulu njengentuition.

Lucena kunye nesikolo saseSpain: iDNA yechess yanamhlanje

Incwadi kaLucena yayingeyonto yodwa. Ngenkulungwane ye-16 eSpeyin, I-Chess yakhula njengenxalenye yenkcubeko exabise ubuchule kunye neqhinga. Ababhali abafana noRuy López de Segura, naye Incwadi yoyilo lwenkululeko kunye nobugcisa bomdlalo wechess (1561), Bazandisa iingcamango zikaLucena, kodwa yayingowokugqibela owabeka iziseko zento esiyaziyo namhlanje njenge Isikolo seChess saseSpain. Lo msinga ubonakaliswe yindlela yepragmatic, apho isigxina kunye nesakhiwo se-pawn sathatha indawo yokuqala ngaphezu kwamadini amangalisayo. Lucena, engazi, Uqikelelo lokuba uSteinitz noCapablanca babeza kuphuhla kwiinkulungwane kamva, ezifana nokubaluleka kolawulo lwamaziko kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamacandelo.

Kodwa ilifa lakhe lidlulela ngaphaya kobugcisa. ULucena wayeqonda ukuba umdlalo wechess lulwimi oluqhelekileyo, okwaziyo ukudlulisa iingcamango ezintsonkothileyo ngaphandle kwemfuneko yamagama. KwiYurophu eyahlulwe ziimfazwe neemfundiso, ibhodi yaba ngumhlaba ongathathi hlangothi apho amanene, abefundisi nabarhwebi babekwazi ukulinganisa iingqondo zabo. Lo mba “idiplomatic” yechess, ukuba kwiinkulungwane kamva yayiza kuzibonakalisa kwimidlalo efana neFischer vs Spassky phakathi kweMfazwe Yomlomo, ineengcambu zayo kumsebenzi kaLucena. Njengoko umbhali-mbali uDavid Shenk esitsho, “I-chess yanamhlanje yazalwa xa yayiyeka ukuba ngumdlalo wookumkani kwaye yaba ngumdlalo wemibono.”.

Ummangaliso wencwadi eyaphantse yanyamalala

Hoy, iikopi zoqobo ezimbalwa kuphela Ukuphindaphinda koThando kunye noBugcisa beChess, uthe saa kumathala eencwadi anjengeMonastery yase-El Escorial okanye iThala leeNcwadi laseBritani. Ukunqaba kwayo akubangelwa kukuhamba kwexesha kuphela, kodwa ngenxa, kangangeenkulungwane, Yayigqalwa njengombhalo omncinane. Abaqokeleli benkulungwane ye-19 baphinda bayifumana, kodwa ixabiso layo lokwenene laqondwa kuphela ngenkulungwane yama-20., xa ababhali-mbali baqalisa ukulandelela imvelaphi yechess yanamhlanje. Umnqa kukuba uLucena, umbhali obezama ukugcina ulwazi, phantse ilahlekile.

Eli lishwa lingenamkhethe libonakalisa ubunjani bechess: umdlalo osindayo ngenxa yokukwazi ukuziqhelanisa. ULucena akabhalwanga kuphela imithetho; yabhalwa umzuzwana xa i-chess yayeka ukuba yinto yokuzonwabisa kwaye yaba luqeqesho. Incwadi yakho, ekugqibeleni, isikhumbuzo sokuba uguqulo alusoloko lungxola. Ngamaxesha athile, kwenzeke ngokuthula, ebhodini 64 iicasilas, apho i-pawn ingaba yindlovukazi kwaye iguqule ikhosi yembali.

Ilifa likaLucena lisimema ukuba sicinge ngechess njengenkqubo ephilayo, kwindaleko rhoqo. Hoy, Xa ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa bucela umngeni kwimida yobuchule bomntu, umsebenzi wakhe uthatha into entsha. Ayiyo chess yangoku, ngeenjini zayo kunye ne-algorithms, ulwandiso lwalo mzamo wokuqala wokucwangcisa isiphithiphithi? ULucena akazange abhale incwadi kuphela; wabhala isahluko sokuqala sebali elingekagqibi. Kwaye njengoko wonke umdlali olungileyo uyazi, Kwichess—njengoko kubomi—ubugcisa bokwenyani abukho ekuphumeleleni, kodwa ekuqondeni umdlalo.

Ukuba olu hambo ngemvelaphi yechess yanamhlanje luvuse umdla wakho, Siyakumema ukuba uphonononge ukuba umdlalo ube njani isipili sempucuko kuyo yonke imbali, okanye ukufumanisa izifundo ezifihliweyo ezinokuthi zinikwe yibhodi kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngoba, ekugqibeleni, ichess ayingomdlalo nje: Lulwimi olusidibanisa nexesha elidlulileyo kwaye lusilungiselele ikamva.