imbali yechess: ukusuka eIndiya yakudala ukuya kwinto yehlabathi

I-Chess ingaphezulu kunomdlalo weqhinga nje.; Yimbonakaliso yendaleko yenkcubeko, yengqondo kunye nentlalo yoluntu. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo entsonkothileyo ukuya ekwandeni kwayo kwihlabathi, Le ndlela yokuzonwabisa yamandulo idlule imida, ukuziqhelanisa nempucuko nganye eyayamkelayo. Ibali layo alixeleli nje uphuhliso lomdlalo, kodwa nendlela uluntu oluyitolike ngayo kwakhona, ukuyijika ibe ngumfuziselo wamandla, ubugcisa kunye nefilosofi. ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, I-chess ibone iimfazwe, iinguqu kwezenzululwazi kunye nenkqubela phambili, ukuzimanya njengesixhobo sokucinga nzulu kunye nokuyila. Kweli nqaku, Siza kuphonononga uhambo lwakhe olunomdla kwimbali yehlabathi, ukusuka kwiziqwenga zokuqala ezifunyenwe kwimivubukulo ye-archaeological ukuya kwinguqu yayo ibe yinto yanamhlanje, ukuhlalutya indlela ixesha ngalinye lishiye uphawu lwalo kulo mdlalo ongunaphakade.

Imvelaphi engaqondakaliyo: Yazalelwa phi kwaye nini ichess??

I-Chess ayizange ivele ndawo, kodwa sisiphumo sokuvela ngokuthe ngcembe kwemidlalo yebhodi yabadala. Iithiyori ezamkelwe kakhulu zibeka ukuzalwa kwayo kwi Ngenkulungwane yesi-6 eIndiya, phantsi kwegama lika Chaturanga, umdlalo olinganisa amadabi phakathi kwezahlulo zomkhosi ezine: ulutsha, ubutshaba, iindlovu kunye neemoto. Nangona kunjalo, abanye ababhali-mbali bacebisa iingcambu zayo zinokuba ndala nangakumbi, edityaniswe nemidlalo yasePersi okanye yaseYiputa, nangona ubungqina bezinto zakudala bunqabile.

Yena Chaturanga Kwadlalwa kwibhodi ye-8×8 iicasilas, iyafana yonke into, kodwa ngemithetho eyahlukileyo: iintshukumo zamaqhekeza zazilinganiselwe ngakumbi, yaye injongo yayingekokumohlwaya ukumkani, kodwa susa onke amaqhekeza omchasi. Lo mdlalo wafika ePersi malunga nenkulungwane ye-7, apho yaba khona ishatranj, ukubandakanya amagama afana “shah” (rey) y “ushah mat” (ukumkani ubanjisiwe), imvelaphi yegama “ujack wafa”.

Uphando oluphambili lokuqonda imvelaphi yalo Afrasiab chess iseti, yafunyanwa eUzbekistan kwaye yabhalwa phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-7 neyesi-8. Ezi ziqwenga, zikrolwe kwiimpondo zendlovu, bonisa amanani abantu nezilwanyana, icebisa impembelelo enamandla yenkcubeko kuyilo lwayo. Ngaphandle koko, imibhalo Persian ezifana Chatrang-namak (isiglo IX) chaza imidlalo phakathi kookumkani, eqinisekisa ukuthandwa kwakhe kwiinkundla zasebukhosini.

Ukwandiswa kwamaSilamsi kunye nokufika eYurophu

Ngokusasazeka kweSilamsi ngenkulungwane ye-8, yena ishatranj isasazeka kuwo wonke uMntla Afrika kunye noSingasiqithi we-Iberia, apho ama-Arabhu azisa khona kwi-Al-Andalus. Eli xesha lalibalulekile, ekubeni amaSilamsi akagcinanga nje umdlalo, kodwa bayityebisa ngeengxelo zethiyori. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo incwadi yemidlalo (1283) nguAlfonso X the Wise, ebiqulunqa imithetho kunye namaqhinga echess, backgammon kunye idayisi, ebonisa ukudityaniswa kwayo kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu.

EYurophu, umdlalo wechess waqhelaniswa namasiko aphakathi. Iziqwenga zafumana amagama kunye neemilo ezinxulumene noluntu lwamafeudal: yena ubhishophu (ekuqaleni “indlovu” kuyo ishatranj) waba ngubhishophu, ebonakalisa impembelelo yeCawa; i phazamisa (ngaphambili ivizier okanye umcebisi) wafumana amandla, ebonisa ukunyuka kwamanani amabhinqa afana no-Isabel la Católica. Olu hlengahlengiso lwalungelobuhle nje.: ngenkulungwane ye-15, imithetho yenguqu yaziswa, njengokushukuma kukakumkanikazi nobhishophu owandisiweyo, oko kwawukhawulezisa umdlalo kwaye kwawenza waguquka.

ICawa yamaKatolika, ekuqaleni ndathandabuza, wagqiba ekubeni amkele ichess njengesixhobo sokufundisa. Kuyo incwadi yemidlalo, Kwaxoxwa ukuba i-chess ifundisa umonde, iqhinga kunye nokuziphatha, imilinganiselo ehambelana nemfundiso yobuKristu. KwiRenaissance, umdlalo ubusele luphawu lobume phakathi kwamanene, yaye ukusebenza kwawo kwanwenwela kwiiyunivesithi nakwiikhefi, ukubeka iziseko zokuthandwa kwayo ngobuninzi.

I-Chess kwixesha langoku: ukusuka kumdlalo we-elite ukuya kwinto yehlabathi

Inkulungwane ye-19 yaphawula utshintsho kwimbali yechess.. Ukwenziwa kwe iitumente zamazwe ngamazwe, njengaleyo yaseLondon 1851, kunye nesiseko se I-International Chess Federation (FIDE) kwi 1924, bawuqeqeshe umdlalo. Amanani afana UWilhelm Steinitz, intshatsheli yehlabathi yokuqala esemthethweni, y Emanuel Lasker Baye baphakamisa i-chess kwinqanaba lezenzululwazi, ukuhlalutya ukuvuleka kunye neziphelo ngokungqongqo kwezibalo.

INguqulo yoShishino kunye nomatshini wokushicilela waququzelela ukusasazwa kweencwadi namaphephancwadi akhethekileyo, njengoko Imbali yoMdlali weChess (1841), owenze ngedemokhrasi ulwazi lwechess. Ngaphandle koko, chess yaba a uphawu lwemfazwe ebandayo: Ukhuphiswano phakathi kwe-US kunye ne-USSR lwabonakala kwi-duels phakathi kukaBobby Fischer no-Boris Spassky. 1972, isiganeko esigqithise ezemidlalo ukuba sibe ngumboniso weendaba.

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, I-Chess nayo yayinxulunyaniswa nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa. Kwi 1997, ikhompyutha Blue Blue ye-IBM yoyisiwe yintshatsheli uGarry Kasparov, isiganeko esibalulekileyo esachaza ngokutsha imida phakathi kwengqondo yomntu kunye nomatshini. Hoy, amaqonga afana Chess.com y I-Lichess Bazise umdlalo kwizigidi zabantu, ukudibanisa isithethe kunye nobuchwepheshe.

I-Chess njengesipili senkcubeko: isimboli kunye nohlengahlengiso lwengingqi

Ngaphaya komba wayo wokukhuphisana, chess iye yaba isithuthi sokubonisa inkcubeko. EJapan, yena shogi (ichess yaseJapan) ivumela iindawo ezifakiweyo ukuba ziphinde zisetyenziswe, ebonisa ifilosofi yokurisayikilishwa kunye nokuziqhelanisa. EMongolia, yena ishatar ibandakanya iziqwenga ezifana “inkamela” kwaye i “ingwe”, ezinxulumene nobomi bokuhambahamba. Nakubugcisa, ichess iye yaphefumlela imisebenzi efana Umdlalo wechess de Sofonisba Anguissola (Inkulungwane ye-16) okanye iimuvi ezinje Itywina lesixhenxe nguIngmar Bergman, apho lufuzisela umlo phakathi kobomi nokufa.

kuncwadi, ichess ibonakala njengesafobe seqhinga lezopolitiko. UMakiavelli ukhankanye kuyo Inkosana njengomzekelo wokucwangcisa ixesha elide, ngelixa ababhali abanjengoStefan Zweig kwi inoveli yechess iphonononge ifuthe layo ngokwasengqondweni. Nasemculweni, Abaqambi abafana neProkofiev baquka imidlalo kwiiopera zabo, njengoba Uthando lweeorenji ezintathu.

Le yantlukwano ibonisa ukuba ichess ayingomdlalo omileyo., kodwa a ulwimi lwehlabathi ukuba inkcubeko nganye iphinde yatolika. Ukusuka kwiibhodi zeendlovu zamandulo zasePersi ukuya kwimidlalo ye-intanethi yanamhlanje, undoqo wayo uhlala unjalo: umngeni wobukrelekrele omanyanisa uluntu.

Izigqibo: ichess njengelifa elingunaphakade

Uhambo lweChess kwimbali lububungqina bokukwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokunyamezela.. Ukususela kwimvelaphi ethobekileyo e-Indiya njengomdlalo wemfazwe ukuya kwinguqu yayo ibe yinto yehlabathi, Ibingaphezu kokuzonwabisa: uye waba isipili sempucuko, ukubonakalisa imilinganiselo yakho, iingxabano kunye nokuqhubela phambili. Ixesha ngalinye lishiye uphawu lwalo, nokuba ngamaqhekeza akroliweyo amaPersi, imithetho yoguqulo lwe-European Renaissance okanye ubuchwephesha benkulungwane ye-19.

Hoy, ichess iyaqhubeka nokuvela. Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa buyitshintshile indlela yokufunda ngayo, iitumente ze-intanethi ziye zaphula imiqobo yejografi, kunye nokufakwa kwayo kwiinkqubo zemfundo kubonisa ixabiso layo lokufundisa. Nangona kunjalo, undoqo wayo uhlala ungatshintshi: umdlalo ocela umngeni kwingqondo, ikhuthaza ubuchule kunye, ngaphezu koko, idibanisa abantu kwiiyantlukwano zenkcubeko okanye zolwimi.

Kwihlabathi eliya liqhekeka, ichess isikhumbuza oko, nangona yonke into, sabelana ngebali elifanayo. Nokuba sisixhobo samandla, into yobugcisa okanye ukuzonwabisa okulula, ilifa lakhe liya kuhlala lihleli, ngoba, emveni kwakho konke, ichess ayingomdlalo nje: es Ingxoxo phakathi kwexesha elidlulileyo nelizayo.