I-Chess kunye nemfazwe: uqeqesho lomkhosi ukususela kumaxesha amandulo

Ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, I-Chess ibingaphezulu nje komdlalo webhodi. Ubukho bakhe kwizintlu zomkhosi abukho nje ngamabona-ndenzile, kodwa isiphumo soqhagamshelwano olunzulu phakathi kweqhinga, ukuqeqeshwa kwengqondo kunye nobunkokeli. Impucuko njengamaPersi, AmaRoma kunye namaByzantines sele ebonile kulo mdlalo isixhobo esixabisekileyo sokuqeqesha iingqondo ezikwazi ukulindela iintshukumo., ukuvavanya umngcipheko kwaye wenze izigqibo phantsi koxinzelelo. Kodwa, Kutheni le nto umdlalo obonakala umsulwa wamkelwa yimikhosi ukutyhubela imbali njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqeqesho lwayo??

I-Chess ayifanisi kuphela amadabi ebhodini, kodwa ikwabonakalisa imigaqo esisiseko yemfazwe: ukucwangcisa, ukuziqhelanisa nolawulo lwezibonelelo. Ngemithetho yayo ebonakala ilula, Lo mdlalo ufuna ugxininiso olupheleleyo, umbono wexesha elide kunye nokukwazi ukunikela ngamaqhekeza amancinci kwiinjongo ezinkulu, izakhono ekufuneka umlawuli ngamnye azilawule. Kweli nqaku, Siza kuphonononga izizathu zembali, ubuchule bengqondo kunye namaqhinga aguqule i-chess yaba ngumhlobo obalulekileyo emkhosini., ukusuka kumaxesha amandulo ukuza kuthi ga kumaxesha anamhlanje.

I-Chess njengesibuko seqhinga lomkhosi

IChess yazalelwa eIndiya malunga nenkulungwane ye-6 phantsi kwegama *chaturanga*., umdlalo omele amacandelo amane omkhosi wamaNdiya: ulutsha, ubutshaba, iindlovu neenqwelo zokulwa. Esi sakhiwo sasingengomfuziselo nje, kodwa kunoko yayibonakalisa ulungelelwaniso lobuchule lwamadabi elo xesha. Isiqwenga ngasinye ebhodini sinento efanayo kwithafa ledabi, kwaye intshukumo yayo yalinganisa ubunakho bokwenyani bezo yunithi. Umzekelo, *ubhishophu* (Indlovu ekuqaleni) ishukunyiswe diagonally, ukulinganisa ukuhamba kwezi zilwanyana ekulweni, ngoxa inqaba yayimela iinqwelo zokulwa, ekwaziyo ukuhamba kumgca othe ngqo ngesantya esikhulu.

Oku kufaniswa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwemidlalo kunye nemfazwe akuzange kuphawulwe ziinkokeli zomkhosi.. KwiPersi yaseSassanid (224-651 d.C.), I-Chess yaba sisixhobo soqeqesho esisisinyanzelo kumagosa. Umbhali-mbali ongumArabhu uAl-Masudi wabhala ngenkulungwane ye-10 ukuba ookumkani basePersi babefuna iinjengele zabo zibe yingcaphephe kulo mdlalo., kuba babecinga ukuba umntu ongakwaziyo ukucwangcisa umdlalo akanakukhokela iphulo lomkhosi.. Le ngcamango yanwenwela nakwezinye iindawo: Abemi baseByzantium bayamkela njengenxalenye yemfundo yeengcali zabo, nakwiYurophu yamaxesha aphakathi, Amanani afana noKumkani uAlfonso X waseCasstile wabandakanya ichess kwiincwadi zabo kumaqhinga omkhosi.

Kodwa ngaphaya kokumelwa nje kweeyunithi zomkhosi, I-Chess ifundisa imigaqo yesicwangciso-qhinga. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ngumbono *weziko lomxhuzulane*, yaphuhliswa kwiinkulungwane kamva yingcali yomkhosi wasePrussia uCarl von Clausewitz. kwichess, Ukulawula umbindi webhodi kunika uncedo lwezikhundla, ukuvumela ukuhamba okukhulu kunye neenketho zobuqhinga. emfazweni, Lo mgaqo uguqulela ekuchongeni nasekunciphiseni iingongoma eziphambili zotshaba, makube yinqaba, umgca wokubonelela okanye inkokeli ye-charismatic. Napoleon Bonaparte, Umdlali wechess onomdla, Wayisebenzisa le ngcamango kumaphulo akhe, ukujolisa amandla abo kumanqaku aqinisekileyo ukuze bangalungelelani umchasi.

Ipsychology yechess: uqeqesho lwengqondo kwithafa ledabi

Imfazwe asikongquzulwano nje ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa nedabi ngokwasengqondweni. umdlalo wechess, ukuba ngumdlalo wolwazi olugqibeleleyo (apho bobabini abadlali bazi zonke iziqwenga kunye neentshukumo), kufuna isakhono esikhethekileyo sokulawula uxinzelelo, ukungaqiniseki kunye noxinzelelo. Ezi ziimeko ezifanayo kanye abajamelana nazo amajoni emkhosini, apho izigqibo kufuneka zenziwe ngemizuzwana, ngolwazi olunqongopheleyo kunye neziphumo ezinokuba yintlekele.

Izifundo ze-neuroscience zanamhlanje zibonise ukuba ukudlala i-chess rhoqo kuphucula imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokuqonda emkhosini.. Ingxelo epapashwe kwi *Frontiers in Psychology* kwi 2019 Iveze ukuba abadlali bechess bakhulisa umthamo omkhulu *kwinkumbulo yokusebenza*, kubalulekile ukugcina kunye nokusetyenzwa kweenguqu ezininzi ngexesha lokwenyani. Ngaphandle koko, umdlalo uvuselela *ukuguquguquka kwengqondo*, ukuvumela abadlali ukuba batshintshe ngokukhawuleza kwiinguqu ebhodini, isakhono esidluliselwa ngokuthe ngqo ukulwa neemeko apho izicwangciso zokuqala zingafane zisinde xa udibana notshaba.

Omnye umba ophambili ngokwasengqondweni *kukunyamezelana nokungacaci kakuhle*. kwichess, njengasemfazweni, Akusoloko kucaca ukuba yeyiphi eyona ntshukumo ilungileyo. Abadlali kufuneka bafunde ukwenza izigqibo ngolwazi olungaphelelanga, ukuphonononga imingcipheko kunye nemivuzo kwindawo yokungaqiniseki. Obu buchule babonakaliswa nguNjengele waseMelika uGeorge S. Patton, ngubani othe: *”Isicwangciso esilungileyo esiphunyeziweyo namhlanje singcono kunesicwangciso esigqibeleleyo senziwe ngomso.”*. Patton, Eyaziwa ngokuba ndlongondlongo kwibala ledabi, Kwakhona wayengumdlali wechess okhuphisanayo, kwaye wabalelwa inxenye yempumelelo yakhe kubuchule bokwenza izigqibo naxa imeko ingacacanga.

I-Chess ikwafundisa indlela yokuphatha *ukukhathazeka kunye nokusilela*. Kumdlalo, Kuqhelekile ukwenza iimpazamo ezikhokelela ekoyisweni, kodwa umdlali kufuneka ahlalutye iimpazamo zakhe, funda kubo kwaye uqhubele phambili. Oku komelela kubalulekile kwinkalo yomkhosi, apho iimpazamo zinokudla ubomi. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, Umkhosi waseBritani uphumeze iinkqubo zechess kumagosa awo, ngenjongo yokuphucula ukukwazi kwakho ukuchacha kwiingxaki zobuchule. Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, omnye wabaphathi abadumileyo abadibeneyo, Wayewuthanda kakhulu umdlalo kwaye wawusebenzisa njengesixhobo sokufundisa abaphantsi kwakhe ukuba bahlale bezolile phantsi koxinzelelo..

I-Chess kuqeqesho lweenkokeli zomkhosi zanamhlanje

Nangona imfazwe iye yavela ngeteknoloji, Imigaqo yobuchule efundiswa yichess isasebenza. Okwangoku, amaziko omkhosi ehlabathini lonke, njengeWest Point eUnited States okanye iGeneral Military Academy yaseZaragoza eSpain, Bafaka i-chess kwiinkqubo zabo zoqeqesho. Kodwa, Lo mdlalo wamandulo usetyenziswa njani kucelomngeni lwenkulungwane yama-21??

Omnye wemiba exatyiswe kakhulu *kukwenza izigqibo phantsi koxinzelelo*. Kwimeko apho ulwazi luhamba ngesantya esidizzy kwaye izoyikiso zinokuvela nangaliphi na ixesha, Iinkokeli zomkhosi kufuneka zikwazi ukuhlalutya ngokukhawuleza iimeko ezininzi kwaye zikhethe eyona ndlela isebenzayo.. umdlalo wechess, kunye nendibaniselwano yokubala ngobuchule kunye nombono weqhinga, qeqesha obu buchule. Umzekelo, kwiMfazwe yeGulf 1991, UGeneral Norman Schwarzkopf wasebenzisa imigaqo efana nechess ukukhohlisa imikhosi yaseIraq, ukuhambisa imikhosi yabo njengeziqwenga ebhodini ukudala imbono yobuxoki yeenjongo zabo zokwenyani.

Olunye uncedo oluphambili kuphuhliso *lokucinga okubalulekileyo*. Kwihlabathi apho ii-disinformation kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo zizixhobo ezinamandla njengemijukujelwa, Umkhosi kufuneka ukwazi ukuphonononga ulwazi ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ufumane iipateni ezifihliweyo. I-Chess ikhuthaza obu buchule ngokunyanzela abadlali ukuba balindele iinjongo zomchasi kwaye bachonge izoyikiso ngaphambi kokuba zenzeke.. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo, I-CIA kunye ne-KGB basebenzisa i-chess njengenxalenye yoqeqesho lwabameli babo, ukubafundisa ukuhlalutya iintshukumo zomchasi ngokungathi ziintshukumo ezikwibhodi yezopolitiko.

Ngaphandle koko, I-Chess ikhuthaza *intsebenziswano kunye nokusebenza njengeqela*. Nangona umdlalo ngumntu, Kwinkalo yomkhosi isetyenziselwa ukuzivocavoca kweqela apho amagosa kufuneka axoxe ngezicwangciso kwaye afikelele kwimvumelwano. Oku kubonisa ubunyani bemisebenzi yanamhlanje, apho ulungelelwaniso phakathi kweeyunithi ezahlukeneyo kunye namasebe omkhosi oxhobileyo kubalulekile. Kwi-NATO, Umzekelo, Kuye kwenziwa uqheliselo apho amaqela amagosa asuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo adlala imidlalo yechess ngexesha lokwenyani, ukuxoxa ngentshukumo nganye ngokungathi luphulo oludibeneyo. Le ndlela ayiphuculi unxibelelwano kuphela, kodwa kwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwamahlakani.

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ukuya kwixesha ledijithali: chess kwimfazwe yanamhlanje

Kwiminyaka yeedrones, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye ne-cyberwar, I-chess ihlala isisixhobo esibalulekileyo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwavela. Hoy, Ayikokudlala imidlalo yesintu kuphela, kodwa ukudibanisa imigaqo yechess kwiinkqubo eziphambili zokulinganisa kunye noqeqesho. Umzekelo, Umkhosi wase-US usebenzisa iinkqubo ze-chess zekhompyutha ukuqeqesha abaqhubi bawo kwiindlela zokulwa emoyeni., apho yonke intshukumo yomchasi kufuneka ilindelwe ngokuchanekileyo.

kukubhadla okungeyonyani (IA) ithathe olu qhagamshelwano lwayisa kwinqanaba elitsha. Iinkqubo ezinjenge *Stockfish* okanye *AlphaZero* azikwazi nje ukoyisa abona badlali babalaseleyo babantu, kodwa baphinde bahlalutye izigidi zemidlalo ukuchonga iipateni zobuchule. Ezi algorithms zisetyenziselwa ucwangciso lomkhosi ukulinganisa iimeko zemfazwe kunye nokuvavanya iziphumo ezinokwenzeka.. Kwi 2018, IPentagon ibhengeze iprojekthi ebizwa *AI Next*, kuquka uphuhliso lweenkqubo ze-AI eziphefumlelweyo ze-chess ukuphucula ukuthathwa kwezigqibo kwibala ledabi. Ingcamango kukuba, kanye njengeprogram yechess ivavanya intshukumo nganye ngokusekelwe kwimpembelelo yayo yexesha elide, iinkqubo zomkhosi unokuqikelela iziphumo zenyathelo ngalinye kumsebenzi.

Nangona kunjalo, I-Chess ikwasebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuba, nangona kukho inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, Imfazwe iseyingxaki phakathi kweengqondo zabantu. I-AI ingabala izigidi zeentshukumo ngomzuzwana, kodwa ayinabo ubuchule kunye ne-intuition enokuziswa ngumlawuli onamava kuphela. Esi sisifundo esifundisa ngokucacileyo ichess: nakumdlalo onemithetho emiselweyo, uloyiso luxhomekeke ekubeni nako ukwenza izinto ezintsha, qhelanisa kwaye wothuse umchasi. Kwimfazwe yanamhlanje, apho iteknoloji inokusilela okanye iqhekezwe, ezi zakhono zomntu zihlala zingenakuthathelwa indawo.

Umzekelo ophawulekayo wolu tshintsho kukusetyenziswa kwechess kwi-cybersecurity. IiHackers kunye neengcali zokhuselo lwe-cyber zihlala zichaza ukungqubana kwazo njengemidlalo yechess., apho yonke intshukumo yomhlaseli kufuneka ilindelwe kwaye ikhawulwe. Kwi 2016, ISebe lezoKhuselo lase-United States liphehlelele *Cyber ​​​​Grand Challenge*, ukhuphiswano apho amaqela abadwelisi benkqubo aphuhlise iinkqubo ze-AI ezikwaziyo ukudlala ichess ngokuchasene ne-malware, ukuchonga kunye nokunciphisa izoyikiso ngexesha lokwenyani. Le ndlela ibonisa indlela imigaqo yechess enokusetyenziswa ngayo nakwimimandla ebonakala ingahambelani nemfazwe yemveli..

Izigqibo: chess njengesikolo sanaphakade semfazwe

kuyo yonke imbali, umdlalo wechess ungqineke ungaphezulu komdlalo. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo eIndiya ukuya ekusebenzeni kwayo kwimfazwe yanamhlanje, Lo mdlalo ube yimbonakaliso ethembekileyo yemigaqo elawula ungquzulwano lwabantu: iqhinga, isayikholoji kunye nokuguquguquka. Ixabiso layo njengesixhobo soqeqesho lwasemkhosini lilele ekukwazini kwayo ukudibanisa eyona nto iphambili yemfazwe ebhodini. 64 iicasilas, apho yonke intshukumo ifuna uvavanyo lomngcipheko ngononophelo, amathuba kunye neziphumo.

kumaxesha amandulo, IChess yafundisa iinjengele zasePersi naseByzantine ukucwangcisa amaphulo kunye nokulindela iintshukumo zotshaba. Kwixesha langoku, iye yavela ekuqeqesheni iinkokeli ezikwaziyo ukwenza izigqibo phantsi koxinzelelo, ukuhlalutya ulwazi oluntsonkothileyo kunye nokusebenzisana kwiimeko zamazwe ngamazwe. Nakwixesha ledijithali, apho ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye ne-cyberwar zilawula umhlaba, Imigaqo yechess isabalulekile, esikhumbuza ukuba, ekugqibeleni, imfazwe kungquzulwano phakathi kweengqondo, hayi phakathi koomatshini kuphela.

Kodwa ngaphandle kokusebenziseka kwayo okusebenzayo, I-chess ikwabonelela ngesifundo esinzulu: imfazwe, njengomdlalo, Akukhona nje ngokuphumelela, kodwa ukuqonda imigaqo, hlonipha umchasi kwaye ufunde kukoyiswa ngalunye. Kwihlabathi apho iingxabano ziya zisiba nzima ngakumbi kunye neteknoloji, Obu bulumko bamandulo busaxabisekile njengoko babunjalo kumabala edabi amandulo.. Kunjalo ngoba, ukuba nje kukho imikhosi, I-chess iya kuqhubeka iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqeqesho lwakho, hayi nje umdlalo, kodwa njengesikolo sanaphakade sesicwangciso nobunkokeli.