Chess emfazweni: amaqhinga atshintshe imbali

I-Chess kunye nemfazwe ziye zadibana kuyo yonke imbali, hayi nje izafobe, kodwa njengezixhobo zeqhinga lokwenyani. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, Abalawuli baye basebenzisa imigaqo efanayo kwabo basebhodini ukuqikelela iintshukumo, khohlisa utshaba kwaye ukhusele uloyiso. Kodwa, I-chess ibe nefuthe elingakanani kumadabi anzima? Ngaphandle kwamathuba okanye amandla akhohlakeleyo, olunye uloyiso lwasemkhosini lube ngenxa yamaqhinga esinokuwaqaphela namhlanje kwimidlalo yasentsomini: imibingelelo ebaliwe, iziphazamiso zokulawula kunye nomonde wokulinda umzuzu ochanekileyo. Eli nqaku liphonononga indlela yokucinga nge-chess-ukukwazi ukubona iintshukumo ezininzi kwangaphambili, Ukuvavanya umngcipheko kunye nokuziqhelanisa nomchasi ongalindelekanga-waba sisixhobo esithe cwaka kumabala edabi.. Ukusuka kumaphulo kaHannibal ukuya kwiimfazwe zeNapoleon, Siza kuhlalutya iimeko apho i-logic ye-chess ingaphefumlelwanga kuphela, kodwa yayichaza ikhondo lembali.

Ibhodi njengendawo yoqeqesho: xa iinjengele zidlala ichess

Phambi kwemikhosi ekhokelayo, abaninzi abanobuchule bomkhosi babengabadlali bechess abanomdla. Lo mdlalo wawungengomdlalo nje wokuzonwabisa, kodwa ilabhoratri apho baye balola izakhono ezibalulekileyo: ulindelo, ulawulo lweziko lebhodi (okanye ukusuka kwindawo yedabi) kunye nokukwazi ukuncama amaqhekeza amancinci ukuze ufumane inzuzo enkulu. Omnye weyona mizekelo icacileyo ngulo Intsimi yasePrussia imashal uHelmuth von Moltke, iteketiswa “Umdala Moltke”, owathi ngenkulungwane ye-19 waguqula iqhinga lomkhosi waseJamani. UVon Moltke wayengumdlali wechess ophumeleleyo kwaye wasebenzisa imigaqo yomdlalo kumaphulo akhe., njenge Isicwangciso sikaSchlieffen kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ebifuna ukugquma utshaba kusetyenziswa intshukumo yepincer efana nohlaselo lwe-pincer kwichess.

Enye imeko ephawulekayo yileyo Napoleon Bonaparte, I-WHO, nangona wayengengomdlali okhethekileyo, beliqonda ixabiso lesikhundla nokushukuma. Kwi Idabi laseAusterlitz (1805), eyaziwa ngokuba yi “Idabi labaLawuli abathathu”, UNapoleon wazenza ubuthathaka kwicala lakhe lasekunene ukuze azobe imikhosi yase-Austro-Russian., ngelixa imikhosi yakhe wayijolisa embindini. Le nkohliso ikhumbuza gambit kwichess, apho isiqwenga sibingelelwa khona ukuze sifumane isikhundla esongamileyo. UNapoleon wada waphatha ibhodi yechess kumaphulo akhe, eyisebenzisa ukuhlalutya iintshukumo kunye neenjengele zakhe ngobusuku bangaphambi kweemfazwe.

I-Chess ikwasebenza njengesixhobo soqeqesho kumaziko omkhosi. Kwi Ikholeji yeMfazwe yasePrussia, yasekwa kwi 1810, abafundi bafunde imidlalo yechess njengenxalenye yoqeqesho lwabo kumaqhinga kunye neqhinga. UCarl von Clausewitz, umbhali we yemfazwe, Ngokucacileyo wathelekisa imfazwe nomdlalo wechess, ukubalula ukuba zombini zifuna “indibaniselwano yokubala okubandayo kunye nokuqina”. Lo mzekeliso awuzange uzenzekele: ngenkulungwane ye-19, umdlalo wechess wawuthathwa njenge “umdlalo wookumkani” ukugqwesa, yaye ukuyiqonda kufana nqwa nokukwazi ukulawula nokuyalela.

UHannibal kunye nobugcisa bombingelelo: Idabi laseCannae njengomdlalo obalaseleyo

Ukuba kukho umzekelo weparadigmatic wendlela i-chess ephembelele ngayo idabi lokwenyani, yiyo leyo Idabi laseCannae (216 a.C.), apho uAníbal Barca, ngokomyalelo womkhosi waseCarthage, yabangela eyona nto yoyisa kakhulu kwimbali yeRoma. Into enika umdla ngeli dabi ayingomlinganiselo walo kuphela-ngaphezulu 80,000 Amajoni aseRoma afa, kodwa ukuchaneka awathi uHannibal wasebenzisa isicwangciso esifundiweyo namhlanje kumaziko omkhosi njengencwadi yesifundo. ukusonga kabini. Le ntshukumo, efana ne-chess pincer, ibandakanya ukutsalela utshaba kumbindi ngelixa amaphiko ejikelezile kwaye amtyumze.

Hannibal, owathi ngokutsho kweminye imithombo wafunda chess ebudeni bokuhlala kwakhe kwinkundla ka-Antiochus III waseSiriya, sebenzisa imigaqo enokuthi iqatshelwe nguye nawuphi na umdlali wechess:

• Umbingelelo wamaqhekeza amancinci: UHannibal wabeka awona majoni akhe abuthathaka (Iberian kunye neGallic ukukhanya kweinfantry) embindini, esazi ukuba amaRoma aza kuwahlasela. Yi “idini” wavumela amahashe akhe, ibekwe emacaleni, uya kurhangqa utshaba.
• Ukushukuma phezu kwamandla akhohlakeleyo: AmaRoma ayemaninzi kunabemi baseCarthage, kodwa u-Aníbal wabeka phambili ukuguquguquka. Umkhosi wakhe wawuyilwe ngamajoni aphuma kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, ngamnye unezakhono ezithile (abatoli basekretan, Amahashe aseNumidian), okwamvumela ukuba aziqhelanise njengomdlali olungisa iqhinga lakhe ngokweziqwenga zeqela elichasayo.
• Umonde wokulinda umzuzu ochanekileyo: UHannibal akazange ahlasele ngoko nangoko. Walinda ukuba amaRoma angene kubume bawo obumise okwenyanga., intshukumo esikhumbuza ukhuselo lwe-sicilian kwichess, apho kunikezelwe isithuba kwaye emva koko kuhlaselwe ngamandla.

Umphumo waba kukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi. AmaRoma, bazithembile ukongama kwabo ngamanani, Baqhubela phambili bengaqondanga ukuba bawela emgibeni. Xa bezama ukubuya umva, umkhosi wamahashe waseCarthage wawusele ubangqongile. Eli dabi lithathwa ngababhali-mbali abaninzi ukuba ngumzekelo wokuqala obhaliweyo we iqhinga lokutshabalalisa, ingcamango yokuba kwiinkulungwane kamva yayiza kuchazwa nguClausewitz kwaye isetyenziswe kwiingxabano zanamhlanje.

Eyona nto ibangela umdla kukuba uHannibal akaphumelelanga edabini kuphela, kodwa wakwenza oko ngomkhosi ongaguqukiyo nombalwa. Su victoria no se debió a la suerte, sino a una planificación que hoy se enseñaría en cualquier curso avanzado de ajedrez: lawula iziko, sacrificar lo necesario y golpear en el momento crítico.

La Guerra Fría y el ajedrez como campo de batalla psicológica

Si en la antigüedad y la era napoleónica el ajedrez influyó en la estrategia militar, ngexesha le Imfazwe ebandayo se convirtió en un arma psicológica y propagandística. La rivalidad entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética no se libró solo en campos de batalla, sino también en tableros de ajedrez, donde cada partida era un reflejo de la superioridad ideológica y tecnológica de cada bloque. umdlalo wechess, kulo mxholo, dejó de ser un juego para convertirse en una extensión de la guerra: idabi leengqondo apho eyona mpazamo incinci inokutolikwa njengokoyiswa kwesizwe.

Ukulawula kweSoviet kwichess ngenkulungwane yama-20 akuzange kwenzeke nje. Emva kweRevolution ka 1917, I-Chess yakhuthazwa njengesixhobo sokuphuhlisa ukucinga okunengqiqo kunye nokuziphatha kubantu abaninzi. Ulawulo lukaStalin lutyale izibonelelo ezinkulu kwizikolo zechess, kwaye ngenxa 1948, I-USSR yayisele ilawula indawo yamazwe ngamazwe. Amanani afana UMikhail Botvinnik, intshatsheli yehlabathi izihlandlo ezihlanu, Babengengabo nje abadlali., kodwa iimpawu zamandla engqondo yaseSoviet. Indlela yakhe yokudlala, ngokusekelwe kubalo oluchanekileyo kunye nolungiselelo lwethiyori, ibonakalise ukuthanda kukarhulumente kucwangciso nolawulo olubekwe kwindawo enye.

Olona ngquzulwano lufuziselayo ngeli xesha yayi Umdlalo weNkulungwane (1972), apho eMelika UBobby Fischer yacela umngeni kwintshatsheli yaseSoviet UBoris Spassky ngaphandle kweReykjavik, Ayisilend. Le duel yadlula imidlalo: Yayilidabi eliphakathi kobukapitali kunye nobukomanisi, phakathi kwenkululeko yomntu kunye neqela labantu. UFischer, ingqondi eccentric kunye ne-paranoid, imele ubuntu baseMelika, ngelixa u-Spassky wayequka umatshini we-chess waseSoviet, uqeqeshelwe ukuphumelela nangaliphi na ixabiso. Fischer's Victoria (12.5-8.5) kwakubhiyozelwa eNtshona njengoloyiso lwedemokhrasi, ngelixa e-USSR yayitolikwa njengobuqhetseba bepropaganda.

Kodwa ngaphandle kwesimboli, IMfazwe Yomlomo yabonisa indlela ichess enokusetyenziswa ngayo njengesixhobo imfazwe yengqondo. AmaSoviet aphuhlisa iindlela zoqeqesho ezibandakanya:

• Uhlalutyo lwemidlalo njengentlola: Amaqela aseSoviet afunde imidlalo yeembangi zawo ngokweenkcukacha ezithe kratya., ukukhangela iipateni kunye nobuthathaka. Oku kwakufana nendlela iinkonzo zobuntlola ezizihlalutya ngayo iintshukumo zotshaba kummandla womkhosi..
• uxinzelelo lwengqondo: Kumdlalo we 1972, UFischer wayefike emva kwexesha kwimidlalo emininzi, yafuna ukutshintsha izibane yaye yatyhola iiSoviet Union ngobuqhetseba. Ezi ntshukumo, nangona impikiswano, Baye baphazamisa u-Spassky, ngubani owavumayo ukuba “UFischer akazange adlale ichess, kodwa kwipsychology”.
• Ukusetyenziswa kweteknoloji: I-USSR yayinguvulindlela ekusebenziseni iikhomputha ukuhlalutya ukuvuleka, into eqhelekileyo namhlanje kodwa ukuba kwiminyaka 70 yayinotshintsho. Oku kwabonakalisa ukuthanda kwakhe izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, intsimi apho bakhuphisana ngokuthe ngqo ne-United States.

I-Chess kwiMfazwe ebandayo nayo yasebenza njenge idiplomacy ethambileyo. Kwi 1959, intshatsheli yehlabathi ngoko UMikhail Tal watyelela eUnited States kukhenketho olwalufuna ukubonisa “ubuso bomntu” ukusuka kwi-USSR. Ngexesha lokuhlala kwakho, udlale imidlalo ngaxeshanye ngokuchasene namakhulu abadlali, kuquka nabantwana, ngelinge lokuchasa umfanekiso weSoviet Union njengorhulumente wengcinezelo. Ezi ntlobo zemisitho zacwangciswa ngononophelo ukwenza amandla eprojekthi ngaphandle kokubhenela kumkhosi womkhosi..

Ukusuka kwithiyori ukuya ekusebenzeni: Indlela umdlalo wechess obumba ngayo iqhinga langoku lomkhosi

Ngenkulungwane yama-21, I-Chess ayisekho nje isafobe semfazwe, kodwa isixhobo esisebenzayo ekuqeqesheni amaqhinga omkhosi. Iigyms ezifana Indawo yaseWest eUnited States kwaye Russian General Staff Academy bafake ichess kwiinkqubo zabo zoqeqesho, hayi njengento yokuzonwabisa, kodwa njengendlela yokuphuhlisa izakhono ezibalulekileyo kwindawo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Isizathu silula: I-Chess ikufundisa ukuba ucinge ngokwemiqathango iinkqubo, apho intshukumo nganye ichaphazela yonke, into ebalulekileyo kwimfazwe yanamhlanje, apho imisebenzi isiya isiba nzima kwaye ine-multidimensional.

Enye yeengqikelelo ezinempembelelo kakhulu kwi-chess kwiqhinga langoku lomkhosi yileyo inzuzo yendawo. kwichess, awusoloko uphumelela ngokubamba amaqhekeza; ngamaxesha athile, ukulawula izikwere ezingundoqo okanye ukunciphisa ukhetho lomchasi kwanele ukuqinisekisa uloyiso. Lo mgaqo usebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwimfazwe ye-asymmetric., apho amancinci, amandla angaphantsi kwetheknoloji anokoyisa imikhosi eqhelekileyo. Umzekelo ocacileyo ngu Imfazwe yaseAfghanistan (2001-2021), apho iTaliban, nangona zininzi kwaye zinezibonelelo, ikwazile ukudiliza imikhosi ye-NATO ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga e-guerrilla akhumbuza amaqela emfazwe. i-positional chess. Endaweni yokufuna ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo, iTaliban yayilawula imimandla ephambili, Basika imigca yokubonelela kwaye balinda ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuhlasela, iqhinga elivusa i ukukhusela isiFrentshi kwichess, apho unikezela khona indawo kwaye emva koko uhlasele.

Enye ingqikelelo yechess eye yadlula kwibala lomkhosi yileyo idini lobuchule. Kwi Imfazwe yesibini yaseLebhanon (2006), Iqela leHezbollah lasebenzisa iqhinga abahlalutyi bathelekisa a gambit: Bavumela imikhosi yakwa-Israeli ukuba iqhubele phambili nzulu kumhlaba waseLebhanon kwaye emva koko banqumle imigca yabo yokubonelela kunye nokuhlasela kwimida emininzi.. Le ntshukumo, nangona kuyingozi, ubonise indlela umbingelelo obaliweyo onokuluphelisa ngayo uzinzo utshaba olukhulu. kwichess, i-gambit ibandakanya ukuhambisa iqhekeza (njenge pawn) ukufumana inzuzo yendawo; emfazweni, Kusenokuthetha ukunika umhlaba kwaye emva koko uqalise ukuhlasela okutshabalalisayo..

Itekhnoloji iphinde yasondeza ichess kunye neqhinga lomkhosi. Ii-algorithms zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, njengoko Stockfish o AlphaZero, baye bawuguqula umdlalo ngokubonisa ukuba ubuchule kunye nokubala kunokudityaniswa ukufumana izisombululo ezingalindelekanga.. Ezi nkqubela phambili azikhange ziphawulelwe kwinqanaba lomkhosi. Umzekelo, yena iPentagon utyale imali kwiiprojekthi ezifana Iprojekthi yeMaven, esebenzisa ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukuhlalutya idatha yedrone kunye nokuqikelela iintshukumo zotshaba, into efana nendlela iinjini zechess ezivavanya ngayo izigidi zezikhundla ngomzuzwana. Ngaloo ndlela, Imfazwe yanamhlanje iya ifana nomdlalo wechess apho oomatshini bathatha indima “imizuzwana”, Ukuhlalutya iimeko kunye nokucebisa iintshukumo ezifanelekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, I-Chess ikwafundisa isifundo esithi ngamanye amaxesha iingcali zanamhlanje ziyasilibala: ukubaluleka kokuziqhelanisa. ebhodini, njengasemfazweni, Ezona zicwangciso zicokisekileyo ziyakwazi ukuwa phantsi kobuso bomchasi ongalindelekanga.. I Ukuhlasela kweIraq 2003 ngumzekelo woku. i-USA, ngokugqwesa kwayo kwezobuchwephesha nezomkhosi, Ndandilindele uloyiso olukhawulezileyo, kodwa wawajongela phantsi amandla okuziqhelanisa nemikhosi yabavukeli, abasebenzisa amaqhinga okubhukuqa ukuze bandise ungquzulwano. kwichess, Oku kuya kufana nokujongela phantsi imbangi ngubani, nangona ukwimeko engafanelekanga, fumana umgca ongalindelekanga we-counterplay. Isifundo sicacile: emfazweni, njengakwichess, akukho uloyiso ngaphandle bhetyebhetye.

Izigqibo: xa ibhodi ithatha isigqibo ngekamva lezizwe

kuyo yonke imbali, ichess ibingaphezulu komdlalo: ibe sisipili semfazwe, ilabhoratri yamaqhinga kunye, kwezinye iimeko, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ethe yanika ibhalansi kumadabi abalulekileyo. Ukusuka eHannibal eCannae ukuya kwii-algorithms zobukrelekrele ezihlalutya namhlanje iintshukumo kwiingxabano zanamhlanje., imigaqo ye-chess-ukubalwa kwedini, umonde, ulawulo lweziko kunye nokuguquguquka-zibonakalise ukuba zizonke. Asikuko ukuba iinjengele zikhuphele ngokoqobo iintshukumo ezivela ebhodini, kodwa loo chess yabafundisa ukucinga njengamagcisa: ukubona ngaphaya kwentshukumo ekhawulezileyo, ukulindela ukusabela kotshaba nokuqonda oko, emfazweni, njengakwichess, uloyiso alusoloko lolwabanamandla, kodwa kulowo ubala kakuhle.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwechess kunye nemfazwe bukwatyhila into enzulu: indalo yomntu. Zombini ebhodini nakwithafa ledabi, abantu bafuna iipateni, Sizama ukuqikelela ikamva kunye, ngaphezu koko, Sizama ukunyanzelisa ucwangco kwisiphithiphithi. umdlalo wechess, kunye nemithetho yayo ecacileyo kunye nesakhiwo soluhlu lwemigangatho, Yimbonakaliso yendlela esiluqonda ngayo ungquzulwano: njengomdlalo apho iqhekeza ngalinye linexabiso kwaye intshukumo nganye inokutshintsha i-destiny. Kodwa imbali isifundisa oko, ngokungafaniyo nechess, imfazwe ayinayo imithetho emiselweyo. Iinjengele ezoyisayo yayingabo babeyazi indlela yokusebenzisa ingqiqo yomdlalo ngaphandle kokuwela kubungqongqo., ukuziqhelanisa nokungalindelekanga.

Hoy, kwihlabathi apho iteknoloji ichaza imfazwe, umdlalo wechess usabalulekile. Ii-algorithms ezilawula umdlalo ziyafana ezihlalutya idatha kwimisebenzi yasemkhosini, kunye nemigaqo eyasetyenziswa nguHannibal eCannae iyaqhubeka nokufundiswa kumaziko emfundo ehlabathini lonke.. Mhlawumbi esona sifundo sikhulu esisishiyelwa bubu budlelwane bamandulo seso, emfazweni njengakwichess, Ingcali yokwenyani ayinguye lowo unkqaya izivulo, kodwa lowo uwuqondayo undoqo wongquzulwano: ukuba yonke intshukumo ineziphumo, ukuba lonke umbingelelo kufuneka ube nenjongo nokuba, ekugqibeleni, uloyiso asingombandela nje wamandla, kodwa ubukrelekrele.