Xiangqi vs ajedrez: Strategic kukwikwidza kunotsanangura China

Muchadenga chakakura chemitambo yemazano, Mashomanana emakwikwi anonakidza seaya ari pakati pe xiangqi uye western chess. Vese vari vaviri vazukuru vedzinza rimwe chete, iye Chaturanga indio, asi vakashanduka nenzira dzakasiyana, vachiratidza tsika dzakavagamuchira. Sezvo chess yakapararira muEurope sechiratidzo chehondo yepakati uye kufunga zvine musoro, Xiangqi akatora midzi muChina seratidziro yehuzivi hwayo, nhoroondo yake yehondo uye maonero ake enyika. Izvi “kukwikwidzana chinyararire” kwete chete kupatsanura vatambi nezvavanoda, asiwo inobatanidza China mugakava rakadzama retsika: Ndeupi mutambo unomiririra zvakanyanya kukosha kwekuMabvazuva kwemaitiro ekufunga?? Munyaya ino yose, Tichaongorora midzi yenhoroondo yemitambo miviri, kusiyana kwavo kukuru, kukanganisa kwayo munharaunda yeChinese uye sei, pasinei nekusiyana kwavo, Zvinogara pamwe chete muchiyero chinotsanangura chikamu chekuzivikanwa kwenyika.

Mabviro akagovaniswa uye nzira dzakasiyana

Xiangqi uye Western chess vanogovana mabviro echinyakare ayo anotanga Chaturanga, mutambo wezano wakagadzirwa muIndia kutenderera 6th century. Mutambo uyu, iyo yakafananidza hondo pakati pemapoka mana ehondo (infantry, chivalry, nzou nemotokari), yakawedzera kusvika kuPersia, kwazvakava shatranj, ndokuzosvika kuEurope neChina nenzira dzakasiyana. Zvisinei, nepo Western chess yakashanduka pasi pesimba re feudal chivalry uye macrusades, Iyo xiangqi yakagadziridzwa kuChinese uzivi hwemauto, kunyanya ku Art of War naSun Tzu.

Imwe yemisiyano yakakurumbira mukushanduka kwayo yaive dashboard. Chess yakatora 8-point marongerwo×8 casillas, nezvimedu zvinomiririra vanhu vemuMiddle Ages vakaita semadzimambo, mambokadzi nemakorokoza. Pane kudaro, iyo xiangqi yakasarudza bhodhi re9×10 mitsetse (kwete mabhokisi), pamwe a “río” chepakati chinopatsanura nhandare yehondo uye chinofananidzira mhinganidzo yechisikigo. Hurongwa uhu hahuna tsaona: inoratidza kukosha kwenzvimbo muChinese mauto zano, uko kutonga kwenzvimbo dzakavhurika nenzvimbo dzakakosha kwaikosha. Besides, iyo xiangqi yakabatanidza yakasarudzika zvinhu senge canon (chidimbu chinotora kusvetuka pamusoro pechimwe) uye general (yakaenzana namambo, asi yakaganhurirwa kune a “palacio” zve3×3 mitsetse), izvo hazvina kufanana muWestern chess.

Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chiratidzo chechiratidzo. Nepo Western chess ichimiririra hutungamiri hwemafeudal namambo ane simba rese uye mambokadzi semukurumbira., xiangqi inoratidza chimiro chemubatanidzwa. Mukuru haasi chidimbu chine masimba ese, asi mutungamiriri anovimba nevari pasi pake (kufanana ne masoja, iyo inoenderera mberi pasina kudzokera shure, achifananidzira chibayiro). Musiyano uyu hausi wekungonaka.: inoratidza kuti tsika imwe neimwe inobata sei simba, zano nekunetsana.

Uzivi uye zano: zviratidzo zviviri zvenyika

Kupfuura mitemo, Xiangqi uye Western chess inosanganisira huzivi hunopokana hwemaitiro ekuita zano. Western chess inotarisa pane kubviswa kwevanopikisa kuburikidza nekurwiswa kwakananga uye maitiro ehasha. Kukunda kunowanikwa nekuongorora mambo, chinangwa chakajeka uye chakasimba. Pane kudaro, xiangqi inoisa pamberi kudzora nzvimbo uye kushivirira. Checkmate kashoma; pachinzvimbo, Vatambi vanotsvaga kudzikisira kufamba kweanopikisa mukuru kusvika amusiya asina sarudzo, dimikira rehondo yehondo.

Musiyano uyu unoratidzwa mumasimba emitambo. mu chess, mazariro anowanzo putika, nekukasira kufamba kuti uwane mukana wekutanga. En el xiangqi, kuvhurika kunononoka uye kwakawanda kwemaitiro, ine tarisiro yekuisa zvimedu panzvimbo dzakarongwa usati watanga kurwisa. Semuyenzaniso, iye canon (chidimbu chakasiyana chexiangqi) zvinoda kuronga kwenguva refu, sezvo inogona chete kutora kana paine chidimbu chepakati icho “munyu”. Izvi zvinomanikidza vatambi kuti vafunge mumatanho akawanda ehurongwa, chimwe chinhu icho Sun Tzu angadai akabvumira: “Hondo inyanzvi yekunyengera”.

Besides, xiangqi inobatanidza misimboti ye yin uye yang. Zvidimbu hazvingodyidzana chete pakukosha kwavo wega, asi nehukama hwayo nepuranga nezvimwe zvidimbu. Semuyenzaniso, los masoja (pawns) Vanoyambuka rwizi vowana kufamba, zvichiratidza kuti matambudziko anogona sei kusimbisa munhu. Mukupesana ne, Western chess inopa mubayiro kutanga uye hutsinye, nezvimedu zvakaita samambokadzi anotonga bhodhi kubva pakutanga. Misiyano iyi haisi nyaya duku: ratidza kuti tsika yega yega inokoshesa sei kushivirira, kuchinjika uye kugadzirisa.

Xiangqi sechiratidzo chetsika uye chezvematongerwo enyika

muChina, xiangqi hausi mutambo chete, asi a chitupa chenyika. Munguva yeMing Dynasty (1368-1644), yakava yakakurumbira pakati pemapoka ose evanhu, kubva kuvarombo kusvika kumadzimambo. Mapuranga akanga akavezwa nematanda, ibwe kana kunyange pasi pemapatio, uye mitambo yakava zviitiko zvenzanga. Iyi democratization yakasiyana neWestern chess, iyo muEurope yakanga iri nguva yokutandara yevakuru.

Xiangqi zvakare yakashandiswa sechombo chezvematongerwo enyika. Panguva yeCultural Revolution (1966-1976), Hurumende yaMao Zedong yakakurudzira kubhejera sechimiro che “proletarian dzidzo”, kupokana kuti kuwanikwa kwayo kwakaita kuti ive nani pane chess, kuonekwa semutambo “bourgeois”. Kunyange nanhasi, Xiangqi inodzidziswa muzvikoro sechikamu chehurongwa hwekufunga kwedzidzo, nepo Western chess ichibatanidzwa zvakanyanya neveintellectual elite kana denderedzwa renyika dzese.

Zvisinei, Kupatsanurana uku hakusi mhedziso.. Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, China yatora Western chess sechikamu chehurongwa hwayo simba rakapfava. Nyika yakabura shasha dzepasi rose dzakaita se Ding Liren, ndiani mu 2023 akava muChina wekutanga kuhwina World Chess Championship. Kubudirira uku kunoratidza shanduko yemafungiro: China haichaoni chess semutambo wekunze, asi sechishandiso chekuratidzira pesvedzero yako yepasi rose. Zvakadaro, xiangqi inoramba iri mbiru yetsika. Tournaments kufanana Xiangqi National Championship kukwezva mamiriyoni evaoni, uye manhamba akadai Hu Ronghua (akaonekwa semutambi akanakisa munhoroondo) Ivo vanhu vane mukurumbira munyika.

Kugarisana munguva yepasi rose: kukwikwidzana kana mukwanisi?

MuChina yemazuva ano, Xiangqi uye Western chess havasi vakwikwidzi vega, sino add-ons izvo zvinoratidza hunyambiri hwenzanga yeChinese: zvechinyakare uye zvemazuva ano, local y pasi rose. Nepo xiangqi inoramba iri chiratidzo chetsika midzi, chess yave zambuko renyika. Kugarisana uku kunoonekwa mumaguta akaita seBeijing kana Shanghai, uko kwakajairika kuwana mapaki ane vanhu vakura vanotamba xiangqi panze, nepo vechidiki vachikwikwidza mumakwikwi e chess mumakofi ane fashoni.

Kunyangwe mundima yedzidzo, mitambo miviri inosimudzirwa nokuda kwekubatsira kwavo kwekuziva. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti xiangqi inovandudza Spatial memory uye kuronga kwenguva refu, nepo chess ichigadzira iyo kufunga zvine musoro uye kugadzira. Zvimwe zvikoro zvakatanga kubatanidza mitambo miviri muzvirongwa zvavo, vachipikisa kuti vanopa maonero akasiyana asi akakosha zvakaenzana.

Kugarisana uku kunowedzerawo kunyika yedhijitari. Mapuratifomu akafanana Chess.com y Xiangqi.com Vane mamiriyoni evashandisi veChinese, uye ma streamers akadai GM Hou Yifan (aimbove shasha yenyika chess) o Liu Dahua (gran maestro de xiangqi) kukwezva vateereri vakawanda. Kune kunyange mahybrids emakwikwi, uko vatambi vemitambo yese miviri vanokwikwidzana mumitambo ye “chinese chess” (musiyano unosanganisa maelementi ezvose).

Zvisinei, kukwikwidza chinyararire kunopfuurira mumakakatanwa etsika. Vamwe purists vanopokana kuti xiangqi ndiye “zvakadzama” nokuda kwekubatana kwayo nehuzivi hweChinese, nepo vadziviriri ve chess vachizviona semutambo “zvakawanda pasi rose”. Chokwadi ndechekuti vese vakaumba nzira iyo China inonzwisisa zano, ingave pabhodhi kana muhupenyu chaihwo.

Mhedziso: kupfuura mutambo, mufananidzo wechina

Kukwikwidzana pakati pexiangqi neWestern chess ndiko, chaizvoizvo, nhaurirano pakati pemaonero maviri enyika. El xiangqi, nokusimbisa kwayo mwoyo murefu, kutonga kwenzvimbo uye uzivi hwemubatanidzwa, inofukidza tsika dzakadzika midzi mutsika dzeChinese. chess, nekutarisa kwayo pakubvisa vapikisi uye hierarchy, inoratidza mafungiro emunhu oga uye emakwikwi, zvakangofanana nekuMadokero. Zvisinei, kure nekuva dichotomy isingawirirane, Mitambo yese iri miviri inogara muChina semativi maviri emari imwe chete: kutsvaga kwehunyanzvi hwekuita.

Hunyambiri uhwu haungopfumise chimiro chetsika cheChinese, asiwo inopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha. Munyika iri kuwedzera yepasi rose, uko miganhu iri pakati pemuno nekunze haina kujeka, xiangqi uye chess zvinotiyeuchidza kuti kusiyana kwemaonero kunogona kuve simba. China yaratidza kuti zvinogoneka kumbundira zviri zvemunhu pasina kuramba zviri kunze, uye kuti kunyange mumakwikwi akanyarara mungava nenzvimbo yokubatana.

Pakupedzisira, kukunda kwechokwadi hakusi pakusarudza mutambo pane mumwe, asi mukuziva kuti ese ari maviri maturusi ekunzwisisa nyika. Kana nekufambisa a canon pa xiangqi board kana kupira rook mumutambo we chess, chinonyanya kukosha izano riri shure kwekufamba: simba remunhu rokufunga, chinja uye, pamusoro pazvose, dzidza.