Chess prodigies: makiyi ekubudirira kwako

Chess mutambo wakafadza vanhu kwemazana emakore., kwete chete nekuda kwekuoma kwayo kwehunyanzvi, asiwo kune epic nyaya dzinobuda kubva mumapuranga avo. Pakati pavo, vashoma vanokatyamadza semwana wepasina 10 makore iwayo, mumutambo wepamusoro, akakwanisa kunyadzisa mudzidzisi mukuru. Chokwadi ichi, zvinopfuura mhedzisiro yemitambo yakapusa, inomutsa mibvunzo yakadzama pamusoro petarenda rekutanga, Psychological pressure in chess uye miganho yeruzivo maringe neudiki hushingi. Mwana angakunda sei mutambi ane makumi emakore eruzivo? Zvidzidzo zvipi zvinovanza izvi kusangana zvisingatarisirwi?? Munyaya ino yose, Tichaongorora zvakadzama nezvenyaya iyi yenhoroondo, Tichaongorora makiyi ekubudirira kwayo uye nekufungisisa izvo chikamu ichi chinoburitsa pamusoro pepfungwa dzemunhu., kugadzirira uye mweya wemakwikwi.

Mashoko akapoteredza: makwikwi akachinja zvese

Mamiriro acho aive Linares Chess Tournament mukati 1996, mamwe emakwikwi ane mukurumbira pasi rose, apo vatambi vepamusoro venguva iyoyo vakatarisana mumitambo yakanyorwa munhoroondo. Pakati pavo pakamira tenzi mukuru weRussia Garry Kasparov, Inotaridzirwa nevakawanda akanakisa chess mutambi wenguva dzese. Zvisinei, gore iroro, muenzi asingatarisirwi akaba chikamu chechiedza: Judit Polgár, musikana ari ega muHungary 10 makore, iyo yakanga yatotanga kuita ruzha padunhu renyika dzakawanda.

Judit aive asiri chero mutambi. Aive wemhuri umo chess yaive yekuda: hanzvadzi dzake, Susan naSofia, Vaivewo mashura, nababa vake, László Polgar, Akanga aratidza navo kuti tarenda raigona kurimwa kubva pauduku kuburikidza nenzira yakaoma yekudzidzisa. Kusiyana nevamwe vana vezera rake, Judit haana kuita zvekutamba; hupenyu hwake hwaitenderera pabhodhi, nezvikamu zvekudzidzisa zvekusvika 10 maawa pazuva uye inenge yesainzi nzira yekuvandudza.

Nguva yakakosha yakasvika Judit paakatarisana Vladimir Akopian, sekuru vekuArmenia vane Elo ye 2600, chibodzwa chakamuisa pakati pe 50 zvakanakisa munyika. Mutambo waive usiri musangano wakapusa; yakava mucherechedzo wekuti pwere sei, zvakasanganiswa nekugadzirira kwakasiyana, aigona kukwikwidza hofori dze chess. Nyangwe zvazvo asina kuhwina, Kutamba kwake kwehasha uye kugona kwake kuomesa chinzvimbo kwakaratidza pachena kuti chess yakanga isiri iyo dunhu revakuru..

Mutambo wakaita nhoroondo: kuongororwa kwekunyadziswa

Nyaya inofananidzira yemwana akanyadzisa mudzidzisi mukuru yakaitika 2009, panguva ye World Team Chess Championship kuBursa, Türkiye. Uko, mukomana wechiPhilippine 10 makore anonzi Jan Emmanuel Garcia akakunda sekuru vekuGeorgia Mikheil Mchedlishvili, mutambi ane Elo we 2600 uye basa rakabatanidzwa mune elite chess. Mutambo uyu hauna kungoshamisa chete nekuda kwechigumisiro, asi nekuda kwenzira Garcia, nemaitiro akashinga uye asina kujairika, akakanganisa waaikwikwidzana naye.

Kuti unzwisise kuti mwana angakunda sei mutambi wenhanho iyi, Izvo zvinodiwa kuti uongorore mutambo kubva pahunyanzvi uye hwepfungwa maonero:

• Kuvhura: musungo usingatarisirwi. Garcia akasarudza kusajairika musiyano weiyo Sicilian Defense, inozivikanwa se Yakawedzera Dragon Variant. Sarudzo iyi haina kuitika netsaona.; Mcedlishvili, sevadzidzisi vakawanda vakuru, Ndakanga ndajaira kutarisana nemitsetse yedzidziso yakanyatsodzidzwa, asi Garcia akaunza chitsva chakamumanikidza kufunga kubva mukufamba 10. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekusagadzikana kwepfungwa: the georgian, kusaziva chinzvimbo, ndaifanira kuvandudza, chimwe chinhu icho vanasekuru vanowanzo dzivirira mumitambo inopesana nevanopikisa vepasi.
• Mupiro wechidimbu: ushingi vs. ruzivo. mukufamba 19, Garcia akabayira bhishopi pasina muripo wakajeka wezvinhu. Mupamusoro chess, zvibayiro zvinowanzotsigirwa nekuverenga chaiko, asi munyaya iyi, MuPhilippines aivimba nedanho uye kusagadzikana kwemukwikwidzi wake. Mcedlishvili, kusawana kurambwa nekukasira, akagamuchira chibayiro, kuwira munzvimbo iyo mukana waGarcia wenzvimbo wakava wakawandisa. Nguva iyi yaive yakakosha: akaratidza izvozvo, mu chess, Intuition uye ushingi zvinogona kuve zvakakosha seruzivo rwedzidziso.
• Iko kukanganisa kwekupedzisira: kumanikidzwa kwepfungwa. mukufamba 32, Mcedlishvili akaita chikanganiso chakakura nekusaona kutyisidzira kuri nyore. Aya marudzi ekukanganisa haawanzo muvatambi venhanho yake, asi dzvinyiriro yokutarisana nomwana, zvakasanganiswa nekushungurudzika kwekutadza kudzora mutambo, kutamba naye. Garcia, pachinzvimbo, akaramba akadzikama ndokubaya makeke nemazvo. Ichi chiitiko chinotaridza kuti iyo psychological factor inogona kupeta chiyero kunyangwe pamazinga epamusoro echess..

Mutambo wakapera 37 kufamba, nekukunda kunoshamisa kwaGarcia. Kupfuura mugumisiro, Chakazobuda pachena ndechekuti chess hausi mutambo wekuti zera kana ruzivo rwunovimbisa kukunda.. Kugadzirira, creativity uye, pamusoro pazvose, kugona kuchinjika kune zvisingatarisirwi hunyanzvi hunogona kuenzana nhandare.

Ngano ye “innate genius”: tarenda kana kudzidziswa?

Iyo nyaya yaGarcia uye mamwe chess prodigies, as Magnus Carlsen (kunani ku 13 makore akange atova sekuru) o Sergey Karjak zvakare (sekuru gotwe munhoroondo pa 12 makore), yakakuchidzira gakava rekuti tarenda re chess rakazvarwa here kana kuti rinowanikwa. Chokwadi chaicho, sezvinowanzoitika, yakaoma kunzwisisa kupfuura dichotomy iri nyore.

Zvidzidzo zvakaitwa nenyanzvi dzepfungwa dzakadai se Anders Ericsson, baba vedzidziso ye 10.000 maawa ekudzidzira nemaune, kurudzira kuti kugona mune chero kurangwa, kusanganisira chess, zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nekudzidziswa kwakarongeka pane chipo chechisikigo. Ericsson inotaura kuti nyanzvi hadzina kuberekwa, asi zvinogadzirwa kuburikidza nemakore ekuita kwakanangana, uko zvikanganiso zvinogadziriswa uye unyanzvi hunogadziriswa. Panyaya yevana prodigies, kudzidziswa uku kunowanzotanga achiri mudiki, apo uropi hunenge huri plastiki uye huchikwanisa kutora ruzivo nyore nyore.

Zvisinei, pane zvakakosha nuances:

• Genetics inoita basa. Kunyangwe kudzidziswa kwakakosha, Havasi vese vatambi vanopindura zvakafanana kwaari.. Zvimwe zvidzidzo, zvakafanana nezvakaitwa Moscow Brain Research Institute, vakawana kuti vadzidzisi vakuru vane ruzivo rwakakura rwekuziva maitiro ekuona uye ndangariro yekushanda yakagadziridzwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, Kunyangwe kudzidziswa kuchikosha, mamwe maitiro ekuziva anogona kufambisa kudzidza.
• Mhuri uye tsika nemagariro. Vazhinji vana chess prodigies vanobva kunzvimbo uko mutambo unokosheswa uye unokurudzirwa kubva paudiki.. Judit Polgár, Semuyenzaniso, Akakurira mumba umo chess yaive yekutanga, nevabereki vakagadzira chirongwa chedzidzo chakavakirwa pakutamba. Aya marudzi enzvimbo haangopi zviwanikwa, asi zvakare gadzira mafungiro emakwikwi kubva paudiki.
• Intrinsic motivation. Vana vanokunda pachess vanowanzo ratidza kunyanyisa kuda mutambo. Garcia, Semuyenzaniso, akadzidza kutamba 5 makore uye nekukurumidza akabatikana nekuvandudza. Uku kurudziro yemukati ndiyo yakakosha, sezvo chess inoda kuzvipira kunodarika vadzidzi; Kuzvipira manzwiro ekuramba uchidzidza.

Pakupedzisira, iye “chess genius” Hazvisi zvemashiripiti, asi mugumisiro wekusanganiswa kwezvinhu: uropi hunogamuchira, nharaunda yakanaka uye kuita nemaune. Vana vanonyadzisa vadzidzisi vakuru havasi kunze kwemitemo, asi mienzaniso yekuti zvinhu izvi zvinogona kusangana sei nenzira inoshamisa.

Zvidzidzo zve chess uye kupfuura: chii chatingadzidza?

Nyaya yemukomana 10 makore ekunyadzisa mudzidzisi mukuru haisi nyaya yekuda kuziva; Idimikira rekuti ruzivo sei, ruzivo uye hutsva zvinopindirana mune chero munda. Izvi zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinopfuura chess board:

• Zvakaitika hazvisi zvese. Munyika umo tekinoroji uye paradigms zvinoshanduka nekukurumidza, ruzivo runogona kuva bakatwa rinocheka nekwose. Vadzidzisi vakuru, como Mcedlishvili, Vanoshandiswa kutarisana nemaitiro anozivikanwa, asi kana tatarisana nezvisingazivikanwi, kunaka kwenyu kwaita kushoma. Izvi zvinoshanda kune chero basa.: kugona kujairana netsva kwakakosha seruzivo rwakaunganidzwa.
• Ushingi hunogona kukunda kungwara. Garcia akakunda nekuti aisatamba semwana, asi semutambi aisatya kuzviisa pangozi. mu chess, sezvakaita mubhizinesi kana sainzi, Kufambira mberi kunowanzobva kune vanotsunga kupikisa magungano. Kungwara kunokosha, asi pasina ushingi, kufambira mberi kunomira.
• Kugadzirira mupfungwa kwakakosha sehunyanzvi. Mcedlishvili haana kurasikirwa nekuda kwekushaya ruzivo, asi nekuti pfungwa dzake dzakanga dzisina kugadzirira kutarisana nemukwikwidzi waaisatarisira. Mune chero makwikwi, ingava mitambo, zvedzidzo kana nyanzvi, Simba repfungwa rinoita musiyano pakati pekubudirira nekukundikana.
• Tarenda rinovakwa, haina kuwanikwa. Pfungwa yekuti magenius anozvarwa, havana kugadzirwa, Ingano ine ngozi. Nhau dzakaita saGarcia dzinoratidza kuti tarenda mhedzisiro yemaitiro: kudzidzisa, mikana uye pfungwa yekukura. Aya mashoko akanaka, nekuti zvinoreva kuti chero munhu anogona kuvandudza nemaitiro akakodzera.
• Kuzvininipisa unhu hwemakwikwi. Vadzidzisi vakuru vanowira pamberi pevana havaiti nekuda kwekushaya kugona., asi nekuti vanorerutsa mukwikwidzi wavo. muhupenyu, tarisira pasi vamwe (kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu) Iko kukanganisa kwakajairika kunogona kudhura.. kuzvininipisa, pachinzvimbo, inokubvumira kuti udzidze kunyange kubva kune avo vanoita sevasina ruzivo.

Izvi zvidzidzo hazvisi zve chess chete. Vanoshanda kune dzidzo, kubhizimusi, kune sainzi uye chero nzvimbo iyo kukwikwidza uye hunyanzvi hwakakosha. Iyo chess bhodhi ndeye microcosm uko universal dynamics inoratidzwa: kurwisana pakati pezvakasimbiswa uye zvitsva, pakati peruzivo nekutsva, pakati pekutya nehushingi.

Pfungwa dzekupedzisira: chess segirazi rehupenyu

Nyaya yemukomana akanyadzisa sekuru we chess inopfuura nyaya yemitambo. Irondedzero pamusoro pemiganhu yechiitiko, simba rekugadzirira uye kukwanisa kwevechidiki kupikisa hofori. Kuburikidza nechikamu ichi, taona kuti chess sei, kure nekuva mutambo wakamira, Inhandare yehondo umo psychology, Hurongwa uye hunyanzvi zvinopindirana munzira dzisingatarisirwe.

Nyaya iyi inotiyeuchidzawo kuti tarenda haisi chipo chisinganzwisisike, asi mugumisiro wenhamburiko inopfuurira, nzvimbo yakanaka uye chido chisingazununguki. Judit Polgár, Jan Emmanuel Garcia nemamwe maprodigies havana kuzvarwa vachiziva kutamba chess; vakazvidzidza, Vaimuda uye vakamugonesa kuburikidza nemakore ekuzvitsaurira. Kubudirira kwako hakusi kukanganisa, asi humbowo hwacho, nemamiriro akakodzera, Chero ani zvake anogona kusvika mazinga anoshamisa.

Pakupedzisira, Nyaya iyi inotikoka kuti titarise hukama hwedu neruzivo uye kugona. Kangani isu takatarisira pasi mumwe munhu nekuda kwezera rake?, chitarisiko chako kana kusaziva kwako ruzivo? Mikana mingani yatakapotsa nekubatirira kune inozivikanwa pane kuongorora zvitsva?? chess, muhunhu hwayo, Iwo mutambo wesarudzo, uye mutambo wega wega idimikira resarudzo dzatinoita muhupenyu.

Saka nguva inotevera paunoona mwana achitamba chess, usazvirerutsa. Unogona kuva unotevera kutiyeuchidza izvozvo, pabhodhi uye muhupenyu, miganhu haisi patinofunga.