Chess muhondo: mazano akachinja nhoroondo

Chess nehondo zvakapindirana munhoroondo yose, kwete semadimikira chete, asi sezvishandiso zvemazano chaiwo. Kubva kare, Vatungamiri vakashandisa misimboti yakafanana kune avo vari mubhodhi kutarisira mafambiro, nyengedza muvengi uye uchengetedze kukunda. Asi, Kusvika papi chess yakapesvedzera hondo dzakasimba? Beyond chance or brute force, kumwe kukunda kwemauto kwaikonzerwa nemaitiro atichaziva nhasi mumitambo yengano: zvibayiro zvakaverengwa, kuvhiringidza mafambisirwo uye kushivirira kumirira nguva chaiyo. Ichi chinyorwa chinoongorora kuti chess kufunga sei - kugona kuona akawanda mafambiro mberi, kuongorora njodzi uye kuchinjira kune asingafungidzirwe anopikisa-yakava chombo chinyararire munhandare dzehondo.. Kubva pamishandirapamwe yaHannibal kuenda kuhondo dzeNapoleonic, Isu tichaongorora zviitiko apo iyo logic ye chess haina kungofemerwa, asi yaitsanangura mafambiro enhoroondo.

Bhodhi senzvimbo yekudzidzira: apo vakuru vemauto vaitamba chess

Vasati vatungamira mauto, vazhinji vemauto strategists vaive vanofarira chess vatambi. Mutambo uyu waisangova wekutandara, asi murabhoritari kwavaikudza hunyanzvi hwakakosha: kutarisira, kutonga kwepakati pebhodhi (kana kubva munhandare yehondo) uye kugona kupira zvimedu zvidiki kuti uwane mukana wakakura. Mumwe wemienzaniso yakajeka ndeuyu we Prussian field marshal Helmuth von Moltke, zita remadunhurirwa “Old Moltke”, uyo muzana remakore rechi19 akashandura hurongwa hwemauto eGermany. Von Moltke aive mutambi wechess akabudirira uye akashandisa misimboti yemutambo kumushandirapamwe wake., kufanana ne Schlieffen Chirongwa muHondo Yenyika I, iyo yaitsvaga kufukidza muvengi ichishandisa pincer movement yakafanana nepincer kurwisa mu chess.

Imwe nyaya yakakurumbira ndeye Napoleon Bonaparte, WHO, kunyangwe akange asiri mutambi akasarudzika, vakanzwisisa kukosha kwechinzvimbo uye kufamba. Mu Hondo yeAusterlitz (1805), anozivikanwa sa “Hondo yeVatatu Emperors”, Napoleon ainyepedzera kushaya simba paruoko rwake rwekurudyi kuti atore muAustro-Russian mauto., uku akaunganidza mauto ake pakati. Kunyengera uku kunoyeuchidza gambit mu chess, apo chidimbu chinobayirwa kuti chiwane chinzvimbo chikuru. Napoleon akatotakura chess board pamakwikwi ake, achiishandisa kuongorora mafambiro nevakuru vake panguva dzehusiku hondo dzisati dzatanga.

Chess yakashandawo sechishandiso chekudzidzisa muzvikoro zvemauto. Mu Prussian War College, yakatangwa mu 1810, cadet vakadzidza mitambo yechess sechikamu chekudzidziswa kwavo muhunyanzvi uye zano. Carl von Clausewitz, munyori we yehondo, akafananidza hondo nemutambo wechess, kuratidza izvo zvese zvinoda “kusanganiswa kwekutonhora kuverenga uye kushinga”. Kufananidza uku hakuna kuitika netsaona: muzana remakore rechi19, chess yainzi ndiyo “mutambo wemadzimambo” par excellence, uye kuibata kwakafanana nokukwanisa kutonga nokurayira.

Hannibal uye unyanzvi hwekupira: Hondo yeCannae semutambo mukuru

Kana paine paradigmatic muenzaniso wekuti chess yakapesvedzera sei hondo chaiyo, ndizvozvo Hondo yeCannae (216 a.C.), uko Aníbal Barca, mumutungamiri weuto reCarthaginian, yakaita kuti Roma ikundwe zvakaipisisa munhoroondo. Chinofadza pahondo iyi hausi mwero wayo chete—kupfuura 80,000 Masoja eRoma akafa, asi chokwadi icho Hannibal akashandisa zano iro nhasi rinodzidzwa muzvikoro zvemauto senyaya yebhuku kuputira kaviri. Mafambiro aya, zvakafanana ne chess pincer, inosanganisira kukwezva muvengi akananga pakati apo mapapiro anomukomberedza nekumupwanya.

Hannibal, quien según algunas fuentes aprendió ajedrez durante su estancia en la corte de Antíoco III de Siria, aplicó principios que cualquier ajedrecista reconocería:

• El sacrificio de piezas menores: Aníbal colocó a sus tropas más débiles (infantería ligera ibérica y gala) en el centro, sabiendo que los romanos las atacarían. Zviri “sacrificio” permitió que su caballería, posicionada en los flancos, rodeara al enemigo.
• La movilidad sobre la fuerza bruta: Los romanos superaban en número a los cartagineses, pero Aníbal priorizó la flexibilidad. Su ejército estaba compuesto por mercenarios de distintas culturas, cada uno con habilidades específicas (arqueros cretenses, caballería númida), izvo zvakamubvumira kuti achinje semutambi anogadzirisa zano rake maererano nezvidimbu zvemupikisi.
• Kushivirira kwekumirira nguva chaiyo: Hannibal haana kurwisa pakarepo. Akamirira kuti vaRoma vapinde muchimiro chavo chakafanana nekrete, kufamba kunoyeuchidza sicilian kudzivirira mu chess, uko nzvimbo inopiwa uye ipapo kurwisa nechisimba.

Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri kupondwa. VaRoma, vane chivimbo muhukuru hwavo hwenhamba, Vakaenderera mberi vasingazive kuti vaive vawira mumusungo. Pavakaedza kudududza, Vatasvi vamabhiza veCarthage vakanga vatovakomba. Hondo iyi inoonekwa nevanyori venhoroondo vazhinji seyekutanga yakanyorwa muenzaniso we nzira yokuparadza, pfungwa iyo mazana emakore gare gare yaizove yakagadziriswa naClausewitz uye inoshandiswa mumakakatanwa emazuva ano.

Chinhu chinonyanya kufadza ndechekuti Hannibal haana kungokunda muhondo, asi akazviita nehondo ine mutsauko uye isina kuwanda. Kukunda kwake kwakanga kusiri kwemhanza, asi pane kuronga uko nhasi kwaizodzidziswa mune chero yepamusoro chess kosi: dzora pakati, pira izvo zvinodiwa uye urove panguva yakaoma.

Hondo Yemashoko uye chess senhandare yehondo yepfungwa

Kana munguva dzekare uye nguva yeNapoleonic chess yakapesvedzera zano remauto, panguva ye Cold war chakava chombo chepfungwa uye cheparaganda. Kukwikwidzana pakati peUnited States neSoviet Union hakuna kungorwiwa munhandare dzehondo chete, asiwo pamabhodhi e chess, uko mutambo wega wega wairatidza hukuru hwepfungwa uye tekinoroji yebhuroko rega rega. chess, muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, Yakarega kuva mutambo uye yakava kuwedzera kwehondo.: hondo yepfungwa apo kukanganisa kuduku kunogona kududzirwa sekukundwa kwenyika.

Kutonga kweSoviet mu chess muzana ramakore rechi20 hakuna kuitika. Mushure meChimurenga che 1917, Chess yakasimudzirwa sechishandiso chekuvandudza kufunga zvine musoro uye kurangwa muruzhinji. Hutongi hwaStalin hwakaisa zviwanikwa zvakakura muzvikoro zvechess, uye nokuda 1948, IUSSR yakanga yatotonga nyika dzese. Figures like Mikhail Botvinnik, shasha yenyika kashanu, Vakanga vasiri vamhanyi chete., asi zviratidzo zveSoviet simba renjere. Matambiro ake, zvichibva pakuverenga chaiko uye kugadzirira kwedzidziso, zvakaratidza kushushikana kwehurumende nekuronga uye kutonga kwepakati.

Kutarisana kwakanyanya kwekufananidzira kwenguva iyi kwaiva Match of the Century (1972), uko muAmerica Bobby Fischer akadenha shasha yeSoviet Boris Spassky kupfuura Reykjavik, Aisirendi. Iyi duel yakapfuura mitambo: Yakanga iri hondo pakati pecapitalism necommunism, pakati perusununguko rwemunhu nekubatana. Fisher, ane eccentric uye paranoid genius, yaimiririra vanhu veAmerica, apo Spassky aisanganisira Soviet chess muchina, akadzidziswa kuhwina chero zvodii. Fischer's Victoria (12.5-8.5) yakapembererwa kuMadokero sekukunda kwedemocracy, nepo muUSSR yakadudzirwa sepropaganda coup.

Asi kunze kwekufananidzira, Cold War yakaratidza kuti chess ingashandiswa sei sechombo che hondo yepfungwa. VaSoviet vakagadzira nzira dzekudzidzisa dzaisanganisira:

• Ongororo yemitambo seespionage: Zvikwata zveSoviet zvakaongorora mitambo yevakwikwidzi vazvo mune zvakadzama., kutsvaga maitiro uye kushaya simba. Izvi zvaive zvakafanana nemafambisirwo akaitwa mabasa ehungwaru nemafambisirwo evavengi munharaunda yemauto..
• kumanikidzwa kwepfungwa: Mumutambo we 1972, Fischer akanonoka kumitambo yakati wandei, akarayira kuchinja magetsi uye akapomera vaSoviet kuti vaibiridzira. Mafambiro aya, kunyange zvazvo vachikakavadzana, Vakakanganisa Spassky, ndiani akabvuma izvozvo “Fischer haana kutamba chess, asi kune psychology”.
• Kushandisa tekinoroji: IUSSR yaive piyona mukushandiswa kwemakomputa kuongorora kuvhurwa, chimwe chinhu chakajairika nhasi asi icho mumakore 70 yaiva yechimurenga. Izvi zvakaratidza kushushikana kwake nehunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji, munda umo vakakwikwidzana zvakananga neUnited States.

Chess muCold War zvakare yakashanda se diplomacy yakapfava. In 1959, shasha yenyika panguva iyoyo Mikhail Tal akashanyira United States parwendo rwaida kuratidza “chiso chemunhu” kubva kuUSSR. Panguva yaunogara, akatamba mitambo panguva imwe chete nemazana evatambi, kusanganisira vana, mukuedza kupikisa chimiro cheSoviet Union sehurumende inodzvinyirira. Aya marudzi ezviitiko akanyatsorongwa kuti agadzirise simba pasina kushandisa mauto..

Kubva padzidziso kusvika pakuita: Chess inoumba sei mauto emazuva ano

Muzana remakore rechi21, Chess haisisiri dimikira rehondo, asi chishandiso chinoshanda mukudzidziswa kwevanoronga zvechiuto. Magyms akafanana West Point muUnited States uye Russian General Staff Academy batanidza chess muzvirongwa zvavo zvekudzidzisa, kwete sechido chokuzvivaraidza nacho, asi senzira yekuvandudza hunyanzvi hwakakosha munzvimbo inodzvanyirira. Chikonzero chiri nyore: Chess inokudzidzisa kufunga maererano zvirongwa, uko kufamba kwega kwega kunobata zvese, chimwe chinhu chinokosha muhondo dzemazuva ano, uko mashandiro ari kuwedzera kuoma uye akawanda.

Imwe yeanonyanya kupesvedzera pfungwa dze chess mune yemazuva ano mauto zano ndeye the positional advantage. mu chess, hauwanzo hwina nekubata zvimedu; dzimwe nguva, kudzora makiyi masikweya kana kudzikisira sarudzo dzeanopikisa zvakakwana kuti uve nechokwadi chekukunda. Iyi nheyo inoshanda zvakananga kune asymmetric warfare., uko mauto madiki, akaderera mune tekinoroji anogona kukunda mauto akajairika. Muenzaniso wakajeka ndewe Hondo yeAfghanistan (2001-2021), uko taliban, kunyangwe vashoma uye vane zviwanikwa, akakwanisa kunetesa mauto eNATO kuburikidza nemaitiro ehugandanga anoyeuchidza mapato ehondo. positional chess. Pane kutsvaka kunangana kwakananga, maTaliban aidzora matunhu akakosha, Vakacheka mitsara yekutakura ndokumirira nguva yakafanira yekurwisa, zano rinomutsa French kudzivirira mu chess, kwaunopa nzvimbo uye wozorwisa.

Imwe pfungwa yechess yakapfuura nhandare yemauto ndeye tactical sacrifice. Mu Hondo yechipiri yeRebhanoni (2006), Boka reHezbollah rakashandisa nzira iyo vaongorori vakaenzanisa nea gambit: Vakabvumira mauto eIsrael kuti aenderere mberi munzvimbo yeRebhanoni ndokubva vadimbura mitsetse yavo yekugovera uye kurwisa kubva kumativi akawanda.. Mafambiro aya, kunyange zvazvo zvine ngozi, yakaratidza kuti chibayiro chakaverengerwa chinogona sei kukanganisa muvengi mukuru. mu chess, gambit inosanganisira kuendesa chidimbu (sechidhori) kuwana mukana wenzvimbo; muhondo, Zvinogona kureva kupa nzvimbo uye ipapo kutanga kurwisa kunoparadza..

Tekinoroji yakaunzawo chess uye zano remauto pedyo. Artificial intelligence algorithms, as Stockfish o AlphaZero, vashandura mutambo nekuratidza kuti hunyanzvi uye kuverenga zvinogona kusanganiswa kuti uwane mhinduro dzisingatarisirwe.. Kufambira mberi uku hakuna kuonekwa munharaunda yemauto. Semuyenzaniso, iye Pentagon yaisa mari muzvirongwa zvakaita se Maven Project, iyo inoshandisa hungwaru hwekugadzira kuongorora drone data uye kufanotaura mafambiro emuvengi, chimwe chinhu chakafanana neinjini dze chess dzinoongorora mamirioni ezvinzvimbo pasekondi. Mupfungwa iyi, Hondo yemazuva ano iri kuwedzera kufanana nemutambo we chess uko michina inotora basa re “seconds”, kuongorora mamiriro uye kupa mazano akanakisa mafambiro.

Zvisinei, Chess inodzidzisawo chidzidzo icho dzimwe nguva nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzinokanganwa: kukosha kwekuchinjika. pabhodhi, semuhondo, Zvirongwa zvakanyanyisa zvinogona kuparara pamberi pemupikisi asingafungidziriki.. The Kupinda muIraq mukati 2003 muenzaniso weizvi. USA, nehukuru hwayo hwokugadzira zvinhu uye muchiuto, Ndaitarisira kukunda nokukurumidza, asi akarerutsa kugona kuchinjika kwemauto evapanduki, avo vakashandisa nzira dzechigandanga kuti hondo irebe. mu chess, Izvi zvinenge zvakaenzana nekurerutsa mukwikwidzi uyo, kunyange zvazvo pane zvinhu zvisina kunaka, tsvaga mutsara usingatarisirwi wekupikisa. Chidzidzo chacho chakajeka: muhondo, sezvakaita chess, hapana kukunda pasina kuchinjika.

Mhedziso: apo bhodhi rinosarudza ramangwana remarudzi

munhoroondo yose, chess yave yakawanda kupfuura mutambo: chave chionioni chehondo, rabhoritari mazano uye, mune zvimwe zviitiko, chinhu chakakosha chakaisa chiyero muhondo huru. Kubva kuHannibal muCannae kusvika kune algorithms ehungwaru ayo nhasi anoongorora mafambiro mukukonana kwemazuva ano., misimboti yechess-yakaverengerwa chibayiro, mwoyo murefu, kudzora kwepakati uye kuchinjika-kwakaratidza kuve kwepasirese. Hakusi kuti vakuru vemauto vakanyatsotevedzera mafambiro kubva pabhodhi, asi chess iyoyo yakavadzidzisa kufunga semastrategists: kuona kunze kwekufamba kwekukurumidza, kutarisira kuita kwemuvengi uye kunzwisisa izvozvo, muhondo, sezvakaita chess, kukunda hakusi kweakasimba nguva dzose, asi kune anoverenga zvakanyanya.

Hukama huri pakati pechess nehondo hunoburitsawo chimwe chinhu chakadzama: hunhu hwevanhu. Zvose pabhodhi uye panhandare yehondo, vanhu vanotsvaga mapatani, Tinoedza kufanotaura ramangwana uye, pamusoro pazvose, Tinoedza kuisa kurongeka pamhirizhonga. chess, nemitemo yayo yakajeka uye chimiro che hierarchical, Chiratidziro chekuti tinonzwisisa sei kukonana: semutambo umo chidimbu chega chega chine kukosha uye kufamba kwega kwega kunogona kushandura mafambiro. Asi zvakaitika kare zvinotidzidzisa izvozvo, zvakasiyana ne chess, hondo haina mitemo yakatarwa. Vakuru vemauto vakakunda vaive avo vaiziva kushandisa pfungwa dzemutambo pasina kuwira mukuoma., kuchinjira kune zvisingatarisirwi.

Hoy, munyika umo tekinoroji inotsanangurazve hondo, chess ichiri kukosha. Iwo maalgorithms anotonga mutambo ndiwo mamwe chete anoongorora data mumabasa echiuto, uye misimboti yakashandiswa naHannibal kuCannae inoramba ichidzidziswa muzvikoro pasi rese.. Zvichida chidzidzo chikuru chinosiiwa neukama hwekare uhwu ndechokuti, muhondo semu chess, Mudzidzisi wechokwadi haasi iye anobata nemusoro mazaru, asi uyo anonzwisisa musimboti wekukonana: kuti kufamba kwese kune mhedzisiro, kuti chibayiro chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuva nechinangwa uye izvo, pakupedzisira, kukunda haisi nyaya yesimba chete, asi njere.