Cholowa cha Perisiya mu chess: ndi 'shah’ ndi 'cheke’

Chess si masewera chabe: ndi chinenero. A kodi, kudzera mwa iwo 64 casilas, walumikiza zikhalidwe, nthawi ndi machitidwe amalingaliro. Koma munayamba mwadabwapo chifukwa chake timatero “jack akufa” m'malo “wakufa mfumu”? Yankho lake likubisika m’zaka za m’ma 700, pamene iye Chaturanga -masewera akale a ku India omwe adadutsa malire a Sassanid Empire ndipo adakhala chinthu chatsopano: iye shatranj. Persia sanangotengera masewerawo; anayambitsanso izo, kuyiphatikiza ndi mawu omwe masiku ano amamveka m'mbali zonse za dziko lapansi. “Shah” (rey) y “shah mat” (mfumu yatsekeredwa) Iwo ndi nsonga chabe ya chiyambi cha chinenero chomwe chinapanga mawu amakono a chess.. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mmene Persian anakhala mwala wapangodya wa chinenero chimene, zaka zoposa chikwi pambuyo pake, akupitiriza kugwirizanitsa anthu pansi pa malamulo omwewo.

Chaturanga afika ku Persia: chikhalidwe metamorphosis

Ulendo wa chess kuchokera ku India kupita ku Perisiya sunali kusamutsidwa kophweka kwa malo, koma kukonzanso chikhalidwe. Pamene a Chaturanga —omwe dzina lake limadzutsa magulu anayi ankhondo a India: asilikali oyenda pansi, ulemu, njovu ndi magaleta—anafika m’mabwalo amilandu a Sassania chaka chonse 600 d.C., anapeza nthaka yachonde. Aperisi, masters mu kaphatikizidwe ka chidziwitso, Iwo anachisintha icho kuti chigwirizane ndi kawonedwe kawo ka dziko. Teremuyo shatranj, yochokera ku Sanskrit Chaturanga, zawonetsa kale kusinthaku. Koma chochititsa chidwi kwambiri sichinali kusintha kwa dzina, koma kutanthauziranso zigawo zake ndi malamulo ake.

M'menemo Chaturanga, njovu (woyamba wa bishopu) anasuntha mosiyana, ndi vizier (kalambulabwalo wa queen) anali ndi gawo lachiwiri. Aperisi, komabe, Anapatsa vizier ntchito yosayembekezereka, kuyala maziko a chisinthiko chake chotsatira ku Ulaya. Kusintha kumeneku sikunangochitika mwangozi: chess idakhala galasi la anthu aku Perisiya, kumene njira zankhondo ndi zokambirana zinali luso loyengedwa. Kuti tifufuze mozama za chiyambi cha Chaturanga ndi filosofi yake yankhondo, Tikukupemphani kuti muwerenge nkhani yathu Chaturanga: chiyambi cha chess ndi nzeru zake zankhondo.

Za “shah” a “fufuzani”: Chilankhulo cha Persian

Mawu a chess amakono ndizomwe zimawonekera pomwe zigawo za zikhalidwe zimayenderana. Zozama kwambiri, ndithudi, ndi Perisiya. Tikanena “jack akufa”, Tikulankhula mawu omwe adutsa zaka mazana ambiri: “shah mat” (Shah Mat), zomwe kwenikweni zikutanthauza “mfumu yatsekeredwa” o “mfumu ilibe chuma”. Mawu awa akuphatikiza zomwe zili mumasewerawa: kudzipereka si thupi, koma strategic. Mfumuyo siifa; sakuyenda, palibe kuthawa.

Koma cholowa cha Perisiya chimapita patsogolo. Terms ngati “bishopu” (kuchokera ku Arabic al-fil, amenenso amachokera ku Perisiya pil, njovu) kuwulula momwe chess idakhalira mlatho pakati pa zitukuko. Ngakhale mawu “chess” Iyo yokha ili ndi mizu ya Perisiya: shatranj anakhala chess kudzera mu Chiarabu ndi Chisipanishi chapakati. Njira imeneyi yopatsirana zilankhulo sinali yofanana, koma kukambirana kosalekeza pakati pa zikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, teremuyo “kuponya” amachokera ku French roque, koma chiyambi chake chimabwerera ku Perisiya rokh, amene anakonza nsanja (galeta lankhondo).

Kusakaniza kwa zilankhulo uku ndi chikumbutso kuti chess sinali masewera okhazikika. Monga momwe nkhani yathu ikunenera chess: chinenero chapadziko lonse chimene chimagwirizanitsa zikhalidwe, Mawu aliwonse omwe timagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano ndi umboni wakutha kusintha ndikudutsa malire..

El Shatranj: masewera a mafumu ndi alakatuli

Mu Sassanid Persia, iye shatranj Sizinali zosangalatsa chabe, koma chida cha mphamvu ndi kulingalira. Mafumu ankawaphunzitsa kumenya nkhondo, komanso ngati fanizo la moyo. Alakatuli ngati Ferdowsi, mu epic yake Shahnameh (Buku la Mafumu), Tchulani masewera a chess ngati zizindikiro za nzeru ndi njira. Kuyanjana uku, pakati pa nkhondo ndi filosofi, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake chess yaku Perisiya idasiya chizindikiro chozama chotere..

Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika kwambiri zamasewera shatranj kunali kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo omwe amalimbikitsa kuganiza kwanthawi yayitali. Mosiyana ndi Chaturanga, kumene mwayi ukhoza kukhudza zotsatira zake (kudzera mwa dice), iye shatranj adachotsa chinthu ichi, kutembenuza masewerawa kukhala duel yoyera ya luntha. Chisinthiko ichi chinawonetsa malingaliro a Perisiya, amene ankayamikira kukonzekera ndi kuleza mtima. Komanso, iye shatranj adayambitsa lingaliro la “ndi nthawi zonse”, lingaliro lomwe ngakhale lero limatsutsa osewera kuti aganizire mopitirira nthawi yomweyo.

Persian chess inalinso masewera apamwamba. Zidutswa, wosemedwa ndi minyanga ya njovu kapena mtengo wamtengo wapatali, Zinali zinthu zapamwamba. Mapulani opangidwa kwambiri, monga zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhani yathu Ma board a chess okwera mtengo kwambiri: zapamwamba, luso ndi mphamvu, Zinali zizindikiro za chuma ndi kuyengedwa. Koma kupitirira mwanaalirenji, iye shatranj zinali zofikirika: idaseweredwa m'misika, mabwalo ngakhale m’misasa ya asilikali, demokalase masewera kuti, kuyambira, idasungidwa kwa anthu osankhika.

Kutumiza ku Europe: momwe Perisiya adakhalira padziko lonse lapansi

Ndime ya shatranj ku Ulaya kunali njira yapang'onopang'ono, kukhazikitsidwa ndi dziko la Aarabu. Pambuyo pa kugonjetsa Asilamu ku Perisiya m'zaka za m'ma 700, Chess imafalikira kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Iberia Peninsula. Arabu, omwe anali atatengera kale game, Iwo anamutengera ku Al-Andalus, kumene idalumikizana ndi miyambo yakumaloko. Zinali mu nkhani iyi pamene mawu ngati “bishopu” y “fufuzani” adalowa m'mawu aku Europe.

Komabe, kusintha sikunali kofulumira. Mu medieval Europe, chess akadalibe mawonekedwe a shatranj, monga mfumukazi yofooka (zomwe zimangosuntha mbali imodzi mwa diagonal) ndi bishopu wowerengeka (amene analumpha mabwalo awiri diagonally). Malamulo awa, cholowa kuchokera ku Perisiya, Iwo anapitirizabe mpaka zaka za m’ma 1500, pamene kusintha kotsatizana—monga kusuntha kwa mfumukazi yamakono—kunasintha masewerawa kukhala zimene tikudziwa lerolino.. Nthawi yosinthirayi ndiyosangalatsa chifukwa imawulula momwe chess idasinthira ku Europe., kumene chivalry ndi feudalism zidayika malingaliro awoawo.

Cholowa cha Perisiya, komabe, sanazimiririke konse. Ngakhale lero, pamene wosewera akunena “jack akufa”, ikutchula cholowa chimene chakhalapo kwa zaka zoposa 1,000. Momwe timafufuzira chess wakale: galasi la zitukuko ndi mphamvu, Chess ndi umboni wamoyo wa momwe malingaliro amayendera, amasandulika ndi kupirira.

Chess ngati galasi laumunthu

Ulendo wa shatranj kuchokera ku Perisiya kupita ku chess yamakono ndi fanizo la kusinthika kwaumunthu. Temu iliyonse, lamulo lililonse, kusintha kulikonse kumawonetsa zomwe magulu omwe adatengera. Wa ku Perisiya sanatipatse mawu okha, koma njira yomvetsetsa masewerawo: monga malo omenyera nkhondo ophiphiritsira pomwe nzeru ndi zilandiridwenso ndizo zida zotsimikizika.

Hoyi, pamene mamiliyoni a anthu padziko lonse lapansi amasuntha zidutswa pa bolodi, Akuchita nawo mwambo womwe unayambira m'makhothi a Sassanid. Iye “shah” amene anakhala “fufuzani” Ndi chikumbutso kuti chess si chikhalidwe chimodzi, koma kwa onse. Ndi chinenero chimene, monga luso kapena nyimbo, imadutsa malire a nthawi ndi malo.

M'dziko logawanika kwambiri, chess akadali mlatho. Ndipo mlatho umenewo unamangidwa, makamaka, zikomo ku Persia. Nthawi yotsatira mukanena “jack akufa”, kumbukirani kuti mukulankhula mawu ogwirizanitsa mafumu, wolemba ndakatulo, asilikali ndi olota kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Cholowa chimenecho, monga masewera omwe, zili kutali.