Kodi chess imawonjezera luntha? Zomwe sayansi ikunena

Chess wakhala chizindikiro cha nzeru kwa zaka mazana ambiri, njira ndi kuganiza mozama. Kuyambira agogo mpaka osewera wamba, ambiri amanena kuti masewera akalewa sikuti amangosangalatsa, komanso amanola maganizo. Koma, Kodi pali ubale weniweni pakati pa kusewera chess ndi kukhala wanzeru?? Mutha kukwera 64 mabokosi kukhala chida chothandizira luso lathu la kuzindikira? Sayansi yafufuza funsoli m'njira zingapo., kusanthula chilichonse kuyambira kukula kwaubongo mpaka kuchita bwino kwamaphunziro ndi akatswiri. M'nkhaniyi, Tiwulula zomwe kafukufuku akunena za zotsatira za chess panzeru, Ndi luso lotani lomwe limakulitsidwa ndipo zolephera zake ndi zotani?. Kupitilira nthano ndi anecdotes, Tidzapeza ngati masewerawa alidi a “masewera olimbitsa thupi” kapena ngati kukhudza kwake kuli kochepa kuposa kukhulupiriridwa.

Chess ndi zotsatira zake pa ubongo: Kodi neuroscience imati chiyani?

Kuti timvetsetse ngati chess imatipangitsa kukhala anzeru, Choyamba tiyenera kusanthula momwe zimagwirira ntchito ndi ubongo wathu. Kafukufuku wa Neuroscience awonetsa kuti kusewera chess kumayambitsa magawo angapo aubongo, makamaka zokhudzana ndi kupanga zisankho, ndi ntchito kukumbukira ndi kulingalira komveka. Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu *Frontiers in Human Neuroscience* (2014) adapeza kuti osewera chess amawonetsa kuchulukira kwazinthu zotuwa m'malo monga prefrontal cortex ndi parietal lobe., madera ofunikira pokonzekera ndi kusanthula malo.

Komanso, Kuchita kosalekeza kwa chess kumawoneka bwino kugwirizana kwa neural. Ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya California (2011) adawona kuti osewera akatswiri amalumikizana bwino ndi ma cerebral hemispheres, kuwalola kukonza zambiri mwachangu. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti chess “wonjezani” luntha m'njira yamatsenga, koma zimasonyeza kuti amaphunzitsa luso lachidziwitso chapadera, monga kukhazikika komanso kuthekera koyembekezera zotsatira.

Kupeza kwina koyenera kumachokera ku meta-analysis yofalitsidwa mu *Psychological Science* (2016), omwe adatsimikiza kuti chess ikhoza kusintha IQ (CI) mwa ana, ngakhale zotsatira zake zimakhala zochepa komanso zimasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa machitidwe. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuti muyenerere: Zopindulitsa izi sizimangotanthauza nzeru zapagulu., koma mu luso lokhazikika monga kuthetsa mavuto ndi kusinthasintha maganizo.

Maluso ozindikira omwe chess amakula (ndi omwe samatero)

Sikuti luso lonse lanzeru limakhudzidwa mofanana ndi chess. Sayansi yapeza madera omwe masewerawa ali ndi mphamvu zowonetsera:

• Memory ntchito: Chess imafuna kukumbukira mayendedwe am'mbuyomu, Kutsegula njira ndi zotheka wotsutsa kusuntha. Kafukufuku wochokera ku yunivesite ya Memphis (2003) adapeza kuti osewera chess ali ndi kukumbukira kogwira ntchito, kuwalola kuti asunge kwakanthawi ndikuwongolera zidziwitso moyenera.
• Kuganiza mwanzeru: Kufunika kokonzekera masewero angapo pasadakhale kumalimbitsa luso loyembekezera zotsatira. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe akatswiri a zamaganizo amatcha ntchito zazikulu, zofunika popanga zisankho m'moyo weniweni.
• Kupanga zinthu: Ngakhale chess ndi masewera a malamulo okhazikika, kufunafuna mayankho apachiyambi (monga njuga kapena nsembe zanzeru) kumalimbikitsa luso. Kafukufuku wochokera ku yunivesite ya Munich (2018) adawonetsa kuti osewera a chess amachita bwino pamayeso osiyanasiyana oganiza, zomwe zimayesa luso lopanga malingaliro anzeru.
• Kukhazikika ndi chidwi: Kusunga tcheru kwa maola ambiri pa bolodi kumakulitsa luso lochotsa zosokoneza, luso losamutsidwa kumadera ena monga kuphunzira kapena ntchito.

Komabe, chess ndi malire omveka bwino. Mwachitsanzo, palibe umboni wotsimikizirika wosonyeza kuti kumawonjezera nzeru zamaganizo, luso lachiyankhulo kapena kulingalira kosamveka kosagwirizana ndi njira zomveka. Komanso, Kupindula kwachidziwitso kumadalira khalidwe la machitidwe: Kusewera masewera othamanga popanda kusanthula mozama kumakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa kuposa kuphunzira mipata, thetsani zovuta zamaluso kapena kuwunikanso masewera agogo.

Chess mu maphunziro: Chida chophunzitsira kapena kukokomeza?

M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, Chess yatchuka ngati chida chophunzitsira. Mayiko ngati Spain, Dziko la Armenia ndi la United States lakhazikitsa mapologalamu a m’sukulu amene amawaphatikiza ndi maphunziro awo, kutsutsana kuti zimathandizira maphunziro. Koma, sayansi imati chiyani pa izi?

Phunziro laupainiya linachitidwa ku Venezuela m’zaka zimenezo 80, kudziwika ngati Chess mu Schools Project, adapeza kuti ophunzira omwe adalandira makalasi a chess kwa zaka ziwiri adachita bwino masamu ndikumvetsetsa kuwerenga ndi a 17% y 11%, motsatana. Zotsatira zofananazi zidabwerezedwanso mu kafukufuku wa University of Trier (Germany, 2015), kumene ana a 8 a 10 zaka zomwe ankasewera chess nthawi zonse amawonetsa kupindula kwakukulu pamayesero oganiza bwino.

Komabe, si maphunziro onse omaliza. Ndemanga mwadongosolo yomwe idasindikizidwa mu *Kuwunika Kafukufuku Wamaphunziro* (2019) kusanthula 24 kufufuza pa mutuwo ndipo anapeza kuti, ngakhale chess ili ndi a zotsatira zabwino mu luso la masamu ndi kuthetsa mavuto, izi ndi yaying'ono mpaka pakati. Komanso, Ubwino wake umaonekera kwambiri kwa ana omwe ali ndi vuto la kuphunzira kapena omwe ali m'malo ovuta kwambiri azachuma., kumene chess imachita ngati a chidziwitso equalizer.

Akatswiri amachenjeza kuti chess si njira yophunzitsira. Kuchita kwake kumadalira momwe akugwiritsidwira ntchito: ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosangalatsa popanda zolinga zomveka bwino zamaphunziro, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zochepa. M'malo mwake, zikaphatikizidwa ndi njira zophunzitsira zokhazikika (momwe mungathetsere mavuto anzeru kapena kusanthula masewera am'mbiri), ikhoza kukhala chida chamtengo wapatali chokulitsa kuganiza mozama.

Chess ikhoza kukupangani kukhala wanzeru pakapita nthawi?

Limodzi mwamafunso ochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndilakuti ngati phindu la chess limapitilira kukula kapena kutha pakapita nthawi.. Umboni ukusonyeza zimenezo, monga ndi luso lililonse, chess ali ndi kuchuluka zotsatira, koma ilinso ndi malire.

Kafukufuku wamtali wofalitsidwa mu *Intelligence* (2017) adatsata gulu la osewera chess nthawi 10 zaka ndipo adapeza kuti omwe adasunga mchitidwe wokhazikika (osachepera 3 maola mlungu uliwonse) anasonyeza a kuwongolera kokhazikika mu kukumbukira ndi processing liwiro mayeso. Komabe, zopindulitsa sizinapitirire kumadera omwe simasewera, monga luntha la pakamwa kapena luso la kuphunzira zilankhulo zatsopano.

Izi zimadzutsa funso lofunika kwambiri: chess imakulitsa luso lapadera, koma sizisintha luntha wamba. Monga momwe katswiri wa zamaganizo Anders Ericsson akunenera, katswiri mu kuchita mwadala, Kupindula kwachidziwitso kumadalira momwe mumaphunzitsira. Kusewera masewera wamba kumakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa poyerekeza ndi njira zophunzirira, santhula zolakwika kapena kulandira ndemanga kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi.

Komanso, pali a zochepa kutengerapo zotsatira. Ndiko kunena, luso lopangidwa mu chess (monga kukonzekera) angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa nkhani zofanana (monga kupanga mapulogalamu kapena kasamalidwe ka polojekiti), koma osati kwenikweni ku ntchito zosiyana kwambiri (monga kulemba mwaluso kapena kuyimba nyimbo). Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake agogo ena a chess samawonekera m'malo ena aluntha..

Powombetsa mkota, Chess ikhoza kukhala chida champhamvu chothandizira kukhalabe ndi malingaliro abwino, makamaka mu ukalamba. Kafukufuku wochokera ku yunivesite ya Edinburgh (2020) anapeza kuti achikulire omwe ankasewera chess nthawi zonse anali ndi a 20% chiopsezo chochepa chokhala ndi dementia poyerekeza ndi amene sanatero. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha masewerawa a ntchito yachidziwitso, kupangitsa ubongo kugwira ntchito ndikuchedwetsa kuwonongeka kokhudzana ndi ukalamba.

Mapeto: Kodi ndi bwino kusewera chess kukhala anzeru??

Pambuyo pofufuza umboni wa sayansi, Titha kunena kuti chess si njira yamatsenga kuti mukhale anzeru., koma ndi chida chamtengo wapatali chokulitsa luso lachidziwitso. Kuchita pafupipafupi kumalimbitsa kukumbukira ntchito, kuganiza mwanzeru, ndende ndi zilandiridwenso, makamaka mwa ana ndi akuluakulu. Komabe, Zopindulitsa izi sizipezeka konsekonse.: zimadalira pafupipafupi, Ubwino wa machitidwe ndi nkhani zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito.

M'munda wa maphunziro, Chess yawonetsedwa kuti ndiyothandiza pakuwongolera masamu ndi kulingalira koyenera., ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake zimakhala zochepa ndipo sizilowa m'malo mwa njira zina zophunzitsira. Kwa akuluakulu, makamaka akuluakulu, ikhoza kukhala njira yothandiza yosunga malingaliro achangu ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuchepa kwa chidziwitso.

Chinsinsi ndikumvetsetsa kuti chess sichimatero kumawonjezeka luntha m'lingaliro lalikulu, koma phunzitsani luso lapadera zomwe zingakhale zothandiza pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Ngati mukuyang'ana kukulitsa luso lanu losanthula, kupanga kapena kupanga ziganizo, chess ndi njira yabwino kwambiri. Koma ngati mukuyembekeza kuti idzakusandutsani kukhala wanzeru wamitundu yambiri, mwina mwakhumudwitsidwa.

Mwachidule, chess ili ngati masewera olimbitsa thupi amalingaliro: Sizingakupatseni akatumba omwe munalibe., koma zidzakuthandizani kulimbikitsa amene muli nawo kale. Ubwino wake waukulu sikukupanga kukhala wanzeru, koma ndikuphunzitseni kutero ganizani bwino. Ndipo m’dziko limene zidziwitso zimachulukirachulukira koma kuganiza mozama n’kosowa, Zimenezi zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri..