10 zolakwika za kukumbukira zomwe zimachepetsa chess yanu (ndi momwe angawakonzere)

chess, bolodi kuti 64 mabwalo kumene nkhondo mwakachetechete zimachitikira, Ndi zambiri kuposa masewera: Ndi kalilole wa maganizo a munthu. Masewera aliwonse amawonetsa osati njira ndi njira zokha, komanso zolakwika zobwerezabwereza zomwe zimachepetsa kupita patsogolo kwa oyamba kumene. Zolephera izi, osati kungoyang'ana kosavuta, Ndi zizindikiro za matenda a m'maganizo omwe amalepheretsa kuphunzira chess ndi kuthekera kosunga chidziwitso kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chiyani osewera ena amapita patsogolo mwachangu pomwe ena amakhala osasunthika kwa zaka zambiri? Yankho kaŵirikaŵiri limabisidwa m’mene amasamalira—kapena kuwononga—chikumbukiro ndi chisamaliro chawo..

Mu kusanthula uku, tidzatsegula 10 Zolakwitsa zofala zomwe oyamba kumene amapanga, koma osati kuchokera pamwamba. Tidzapitirira zoonekeratu monga “osakulitsa zigawo” o “siyani mfumu pakati”. Tidzafufuza momwe zolakwa izi zimagwirizanirana ndi njira zachidziwitso, momwe zimakhudzira kukumbukira mu chess y, chinthu chofunika kwambiri, momwe angawakonzere kuti asinthe kukhumudwa kukhala kukula. Chifukwa chiyani?, Pomaliza pake, Chess sikuti amangopambana masewera., koma kuti timvetsetse chifukwa chomwe timataya.

Chinyengo cha “phunzirani pakuwona”: nthano ya kukumbukira chabe

Chimodzi mwazolakwika zomwe zafala kwambiri pakati pa oyamba kumene ndikukhulupirira kuti kuwonera masewera agogo - kaya pamapulatifomu ngati. chess pa intaneti kapena m’mabuku—zokwanira kuwongolera. Izi mchitidwe, ngakhale zothandiza, limakhala lupanga lakuthwa konsekonse likachitidwa popanda njira yogwira ntchito. Kukumbukira kwaumunthu sikumagwira ntchito ngati hard drive yomwe imasunga zidziwitso mwa kuwonekera kosavuta; zimafuna kuyanjana, kubwereza mobwerezabwereza ndi, pamwamba pa zonse, ntchito zothandiza.

Katswiri wa sayansi ya ubongo Daniel Schacter, m'buku lake *Machimo asanu ndi awiri a kukumbukira*, limafotokoza kuti kukumbukira chabe—kumene sikumaphatikizapo kuyesayesa kwachidziŵikire—kumakhala kosakhalitsa. mu chess, Izi zimapangitsa osewera kuloweza mipata popanda kumvetsetsa malingaliro awo oyambira., kapena amene amabwereza kusuntha kuchokera kumasewera otchuka osasanthula chifukwa chake adagwira ntchito. Chotsatira chake ndi chidziwitso chosalimba, zomwe zimazimiririka pansi pa chitsenderezo cha masewera enieni.

Njira yothetsera vutoli sikusiya kuphunzira masewera, koma kuchita ndi njira yovuta. Mwachitsanzo, powunika masewera a Magnus Carlsen, woyambitsa ayenera kufunsa: N’chifukwa chiyani anapereka nsembe imeneyo?? Ndi chiwopsezo chotani chomwe chimabisa mayendedwe ake? Kodi ndikanatani pamenepa?? Funso lamtunduwu limagwira ntchito semantic kukumbukira, zomwe ndizomwe zimalola kuti malingaliro apangidwe ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito muzinthu zatsopano. Popanda sitepe iyi, kuphunzira kumatsikira ku ntchito ya chikhulupiriro, osamvetsetsa.

Syndrome ya “mayendedwe amphamvu”: pamene kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa kulephera

Kulakwitsa kwachiwiri, zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zam'mbuyo, ndi chizoloŵezi chosewera mayendedwe ozikidwa pa zilakolako zamalingaliro kapena kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa. Izi zimachitika pamene player, kuyang'anizana ndi malo ovuta, sankhani kusuntha chifukwa “zikuwoneka bwino” pakadali pano, popanda kuwunika zotsatira za nthawi yayitali. Kukumbukira kogwira ntchito—kuchepa kwamphamvu kumene kumatilola kusunga chidziŵitso kwakanthaŵi—kwadzaza, ndipo ubongo umasankha njira yofikira kwambiri, osati zabwino kwenikweni.

Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu *Nature* mu 2016 adawonetsa kuti akatswiri a chess samangokhala ndi kukumbukira kwapamwamba pamapangidwe, koma amachitanso bwino pakusefa zidziwitso zosafunikira.. Oyamba, m'malo mwake, Nthawi zambiri amagwera mumsampha woganizira zosintha zambiri nthawi imodzi., kupangitsa zisankho mopupuluma. Mwachitsanzo, Kulakwitsa kwachikale ndikulanda pawn ndi mfumukazi kumayambiriro kwamasewera., osazindikira kuti izi zimamupangitsa kuti aziwukiranso.

Chinsinsi chothana ndi vuto ili ndikukulitsa a ndondomeko yachisankho. Asanasamuke, wosewera ayenera kudzifunsa mafunso atatu: Zomwe zikuwopseza mdani wanga? Ndi gawo liti lomwe silikugwira ntchito kwambiri pamalo anga? Ndi pulani yanthawi yayitali iti yomwe ndingapange?? Njira iyi, ngakhale zosavuta, kukakamiza ubongo kuika patsogolo chidziwitso ndikuchepetsa kudalira kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa. Komanso, train ndi ma module a chess omwe amasanthula masewera munthawi yeniyeni angathandize kuyika malingaliro awa mkati.

Kutengeka ndi kumasuka: cholakwika choika patsogolo kukumbukira kuposa kumvetsetsa

Kulakwitsa kwachitatu ndiko, mwina, chodabwitsa kwambiri: oyamba kumene nthawi zambiri amathera maola akuloweza mipata, pokhulupirira kuti izi zidzawapatsa mwayi wanthawi yomweyo, pamene kwenikweni ndi amodzi mwa malo omwe ali ndi zotsatira zochepa pamasewera anu. Kumasuka n’kofunika, koma kokha ngati mumvetsetsa cholinga chake. Kuloweza mitundu yosiyanasiyana osamvetsetsa malingaliro omwe ali kumbuyo kwawo kuli ngati kuphunzira mawu m'chinenero china popanda kudziwa galamala.: akhoza kugwira ntchito muzochitika zenizeni kwambiri, koma amalephera ndi kusiyana kulikonse.

Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi cha osewera omwe amalamulira Chitetezo cha Sicilian mpaka kuyenda 15, koma chiyani, popatuka pa script, iwo atayika. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chidziwitso chawo chimachokera ku kukumbukira kukumbukira —imene imasunga zowona—, m'malo mwa memoria ndondomeko - amene amasunga luso-. Choyamba ndi chokhazikika; chachiwiri, wosinthika.

Njira yothetsera vutoli sikusiya kuphunzira za mipata, koma Yayandikireni mwanzeru. M'malo moloweza 20 mayendedwe a Ruy Lopez, ndizothandiza kwambiri kumvetsetsa mfundo zonse: kulamulira pakati, kukulitsa magawo, Castle oyambirira ndi kulumikiza rooks. Malingaliro awa ndi onse ndipo amagwira ntchito pakutsegula kulikonse. Komanso, nsanja ngati Lichess perekani zida zoyeserera kutsegulira mu malo ochezera, kumene wosewera mpira akhoza kuyesa zosiyanasiyana ndi kulandira ndemanga yomweyo.

Kusasamala kwa mapeto: pamene kukumbukira kwa nthawi yaitali kumanyalanyazidwa

Ngati zotsegula ndi chiyambi cha masewera, mathero awo ndi pachimake. Komabe, oyamba ambiri amapeputsa kufunika kwake, kukhulupirira kuti masewera amasankhidwa pakati. Vutoli ndi lalikulu kwambiri chifukwa mathero amafunikira mtundu wina wa kukumbukira: kutha kukumbukira njira zenizeni ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito molondola. Wosewera yemwe sanaphunzire komaliza amatsutsidwa kulakwitsa, monga kusadziwa kukwatilana ndi mfumu ndi mfumukazi kutsutsana ndi mfumu, kapena kutaya mwayi m'malo opambana.

Katswiri wa zamaganizo Anders Ericsson, wodziwika chifukwa cha chiphunzitso chake cha 10,000 maola ochita mwadala, akunena kuti kuchita bwino m'gawo lililonse kumafuna kuyang'ana kwambiri kumadera omwe ali ofooka kwambiri. mu chess, Mapeto ndi amodzi mwa malo amenewo.. Woyamba amene amawononga yekha 10% kuyambira nthawi yanu yophunzira mpaka yomaliza ndikuchepetsa kwambiri kupita kwanu patsogolo. Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti mathero ndi osavuta kuwongolera kuposa magawo ena amasewera. Mabuku ngati *100 Mapeto a Chess Amene Muyenera Kudziwa * wolemba Jesús de la Villa ndi mawu oyamba abwino kwambiri, chifukwa amawonetsa mawonekedwe omveka komanso obwerezabwereza.

Komanso, maphunziro omaliza ali ndi zotsatira zopindulitsa: imawonjezera kuzindikira kukumbukira. Uku ndikutha kuzindikira machitidwe odziwika bwino muzinthu zatsopano., luso lofunikira osati mu chess kokha, koma m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, Wosewera yemwe adachitapo masewera olimbitsa thupi polimbana ndi mphutsi amatha kuzindikira mwachibadwa nthawi yoyambitsa rook yake kuti ikhale yofanana., ngakhale bolodi lodzaza ndi zidutswa.

Msampha wa “ine motsutsana ndi dziko lapansi”: kulakwitsa kusasanthula masewera ake

Kulakwitsa kwachisanu ndiko, m’njira zambiri, munthu kwambiri: kukana kusanthula masewera anu. pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa, Ndi kuyesa kuimba mlandu tsoka, kusokoneza kapena kupikisana nawo. Koma chess, ngati moyo, sakhululukidwa kudzikonda. Machesi aliwonse, kaya kupambana kapena kugonja, Ndi mwayi wophunzira, koma ngati afufuzidwa moona mtima.

Vuto n’lakuti ubongo wa munthu umakonda kukumbukira zimene zimatsimikizira zikhulupiriro zake ndi kunyalanyaza zimene zimatsutsana nazo.. Izi zimadziwika kuti kutsimikiza mtima. Wosewera yemwe amakhulupirira kuti ali “wabwino pa ukadaulo” adzakumbukira kupambana kwanu kutengera kuphatikiza kwanzeru, koma mudzayiwala masewera omwe mudataya chifukwa simunawerengetse bwino. Kuti tithane ndi kukondera uku, Ndikofunikira kutsatira njira yasayansi: lembani masewera, santhulani ndi zida monga Nsomba, ndi kuzindikira zolakwika zomwe zimachitika mobwerezabwereza.

Njira yothandiza ndi kusanthula m'mbuyo. Pambuyo pa masewera, wosewera ayenera kukonzanso kuchokera pamtima, popanda kuyang'ana pa bolodi, ndipo onani zomwe kukumbukira kwanu kumasiyana ndi zenizeni. Izi sizimangowonjezera kukumbukira, komanso amawulula mbali za masewerawa zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa iye. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wosewera mpira amakumbukira bwino nsembe ya rook, koma iwalani cholakwika pakutsegulira, Ndi chizindikiro kuti muyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri mbali imeneyi..

Nthano ya talente yobadwa nayo: pamene kukumbukira kumachepetsedwa

Kulakwitsa kwachisanu ndi chimodzi ndiko, Pamenepo, chikhulupiriro chochepa: lingaliro lakuti chess ndi masewera “akatswiri” kapena anthu omwe ali ndi talente yobadwa nayo. Lingaliro ili, ngakhale chikondi, ndi zabodza. Maphunziro monga a Fernand Gobet ndi Guillermo Campitelli, zofalitsidwa en *Psychological Science*, onetsani kuti chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mupambane pa chess si IQ, koma kuchuluka ndi khalidwe la mchitidwewo. Mwanjira ina, kukumbukira—kuphunzitsidwa kubwerezabwereza ndi kusanthula—ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kulingalira kulikonse “don natural”.

Nkhani ya Bobby Fischer Ndi fanizo. Ngakhale amakumbukiridwa kuti ndi wodabwitsa, kukwera kwake paudindo wapadziko lonse lapansi kudachitika chifukwa chazaka zambiri zakuphunzira movutikira. Fischer osati masewera oloweza pamtima, koma adawaphwanya mpaka adazindikira chilichonse. Kukumbukira kwake sikunali kwamatsenga; Zinapangidwa ndi njira yokhwima.

Kwa oyamba kumene, iyi ndi nkhani yabwino: Chess ndi masewera omwe amapezeka kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuphunzitsa kukumbukira kwawo mwadongosolo.. Chinsinsi chiri mu kuchita mwadala, lingaliro lomwe limaphatikizapo kuyang'ana mbali zinazake zowongolera, landirani mayankho achangu ndikutuluka m'malo otonthoza. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo mochita masewera othamanga osaganiza, woyamba ayenera kuthera nthawi kuthetsa mavuto tactical, kumene ntchito iliyonse imalimbitsa ndondomeko yosiyana ya kukumbukira.

Kusagwirizana pakati pa chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe: pamene kukumbukira sikugwiritsidwa ntchito

Kulakwitsa kwachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi kusiyana pakati pa zomwe wosewera amadziwa mwaukadaulo ndi zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pochita.. Izi ndizofala makamaka kwa osewera omwe amadya zambiri - mabuku, makanema, maphunziro—koma samazigwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo. kukumbukira, muzochitika izi, amakhala nkhokwe ya chidziwitso chachabechabe, monga laibulale yodzaza ndi mabuku omwe palibe amene amawerenga.

Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi wosewera yemwe amadziwa lamulo lalikulu pamapeto a pawn., koma chiyani, mu masewera enieni, sagwiritsa ntchito chifukwa amanjenjemera kapena kusokonezedwa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa theoretical memory sichinaphatikizidwe ndi memoria ndondomeko, zomwe ndizomwe zimatsogolera zochita zokha. Kutseka kusiyana uku, Ndikofunikira kuphatikizira maphunziro aukadaulo ndi kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu. Mwachitsanzo, ataphunzira mfundo ngati zugwang, Wosewera ayenera kuyang'ana masewera omwe izi zikuwonekera ndikuwunika momwe zidagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Chida china chothandiza ndi maphunziro ndi zoletsa. Mwachitsanzo, sewerani masewera omwe cholinga chake si kupambana, koma kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro linalake, monga kuwongolera pakati kapena ntchito yachidutswa. Izi zimakakamiza ubongo kuyika patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe waphunzira kuposa zotsatira zanthawi yomweyo., kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe.

Vuto lochulukira: pamene kukumbukira kukhutitsidwa

Cholakwa chachisanu ndi chitatu ndikuyesera kuphunzira zambiri mu nthawi yochepa. M'zaka za digito, kumene kupeza zambiri kulibe malire, ndizovuta kudya zinthu mosalekeza: Makanema a YouTube, maphunziro a pa intaneti, kutsegula mabuku. Koma ubongo wa munthu uli ndi malire. The ntchito kukumbukira, Kutha kusunga chidziwitso kwakanthawi, akhoza kungoyendetsa pakati 4 y 7 zinthu nthawi yomweyo, malinga ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo George Miller. Pamene woyambitsa ayesa kutenga zambiri, kukumbukira kwanu kwadzaza, ndipo zomwe ziyenera kukhala kuphunzira zimakhala phokoso.

Kafukufuku wochokera ku yunivesite ya California adawonetsa kuti ophunzira omwe amagawa maphunziro awo mwachidule, magawo osakanikirana amakhala ndi chidziwitso chochuluka kuposa omwe amachichita mu marathon a ola limodzi.. mu chess, Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuphunzira kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri 30 mphindi patsiku, kuyang'ana pa mutu umodzi, kupereka chiyani 5 maola Lamlungu kuti tikambirane zonse zomwe zaphunziridwa m'sabatayi.

Komanso, Ndikofunikira kuika patsogolo ubwino kuposa kuchuluka kwake. M'malo moyesera kuloweza mitundu yonse ya King's Indian Defense, Ndi bwino kudziwa mzere waukulu umodzi kapena iwiri ndikumvetsetsa malingaliro awo. Izi sizimangolepheretsa kukumbukira kukumbukira, komanso imathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito. Zida ngati Chessable Iwo ndi othandiza pankhaniyi, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms obwerezabwereza kuti apititse patsogolo kuphunzira.

Kusowa mayankho: pamene kukumbukira sikukonzedwa

Kulakwitsa kwachisanu ndi chinayi ndikusewera popanda kulandira ndemanga zakunja. kukumbukira, yekha, osakwanira kukonza; ikufunika kuwongoleredwa ndi kuyeretsedwa. Wosewera yemwe amangosewera masewera a pa intaneti popanda kuwasanthula kapena kulandira malangizo kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi amatsutsidwa kubwereza zolakwika zomwezo mobwerezabwereza.. Zimenezi n’zofanana ndi kuyesa kuphunzira chinenero mwa kudzilankhula wekha., popanda kumvera olankhula mbadwa kapena kulandira zowongolera.

Ndemanga zimatha kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo: mphunzitsi, gawo la chess, kapena ngakhale mdani wodziwa zambiri. Chofunikira ndichakuti chikhale chokhazikika komanso chotheka kuchitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo monena “mwasewera molakwika”, chidziwitso chabwino chidzabwera: “mu kayendedwe 5, knight wanu pa c3 anatsekereza patsogolo pa d4 pawn, zomwe zidalepheretsa chitukuko cha bishopu wanu”. Zokonza zamtunduwu zimalola wosewera kuti azindikire zolakwika ndikuzikonza.

Komanso, ndemanga siziyenera kukhala zovomerezeka. Mapulatifomu ngati Chess.com perekani kusanthula kwamasewera odziwikiratu, chomwe chingakhale chida chabwino kwambiri kwa osewera omwe alibe mwayi wopeza mphunzitsi. Chinsinsi si kukhazikika pazotsatira zamasewera, koma mvetsetsa chifukwa adapambana kapena kutayika.

Kulakwitsa kotsiriza: kusokoneza kuloweza ndi kuphunzira

Kulakwitsa kwakhumi ndi kotsiriza ndiko, m’njira zambiri, kaphatikizidwe wa zonse zam'mbuyo: kusokoneza kuloweza ndi kuphunzira. Wosewera yemwe amaloweza kutsegulira, machenjerero ndi mathero osamvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira zomwe mukumanga masewera anu pamchenga. kukumbukira, mu chess, Simathero mwa iwo okha, koma chida chokulitsa kumvetsetsa.

Chitsanzo chomveka bwino ndi cha osewera omwe amaloweza Kunyamuka Kosafa ndi Anderssen, koma sakumvetsa chifukwa chimene nsembe ya mfumukazi imagwirira ntchito m’lingaliro limenelo. Popanda kumvetsetsa kumeneko, Sadzatha kugwiritsa ntchito mfundoyi pamasewera awo. Kuphunzira kwenikweni kumachitika pamene kukumbukira kuphatikizidwa ndi kulingalira koyenera, luso komanso luso lotha kusintha.

Kupewa cholakwika ichi, Ndikofunikira kutsata njira zonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuphunzira osati masewera ndi mipata, komanso mbiri ya chess, psychology yamasewera komanso ngakhale filosofi. Mwachitsanzo, werengani za Wilhelm Steinitz ndi chiphunzitso chake chakuchita bwino mu chess chingathandize kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake mfundo zina zanzeru zimagwira ntchito. Momwemonso, kusanthula masewera a Kasparov vs Karpov akhoza kuwulula momwe psychology imakhudzira zisankho pagulu.

Pomaliza pake, chess ndi masewera kukumbukira, koma osati mwachiphamaso. Ndi masewera kukumbukira wanzeru, kumene zomwe zimakumbukiridwa sizimasuntha zokha, koma machitidwe, malingaliro ndi mfundo. Zolakwitsa zomwe oyambitsa amapanga sizolephera zaukadaulo, koma zizindikiro za ubale wosagwira ntchito ndi kukumbukira. Kuwongolera sikufuna nzeru, koma mwambo, chidwi ndi, pamwamba pa zonse, kufunitsitsa kuphunzira pamasewera aliwonse, kaya kupambana kapena kugonja.

Bolodi ndi wokonzeka. Zidutswa, pa udindo. Funso siloti mungapambane, koma ngati muli okonzeka kukumbukira—ndi kuphunzira—kuchokera kumayendedwe aliwonse.

chess, ngati moyo, Sizokhudza kupewa zolakwika., koma kuwamvetsa iwo. Masewera aliwonse adatayika, lingaliro lililonse losagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, Kutsegula kulikonse kuyiwalika panthawi yovuta, Ndi mwayi wokulitsa kukumbukira kwanu komanso, ndi iye, maganizo. Zolakwa zomwe tapenda si zopunthwitsa wamba; Ndi zizindikiro za mmene timachitira zinthu, momwe timachisungira ndi momwe timachibweza tikapanikizika.

Memory mu chess si malo osungirako zinthu, koma minofu yomwe imalimbikitsidwa ndi ntchito yanzeru. Wosewera amene amaloweza nyimbo zosiyanasiyana koma osazimvetsa ali ngati woimba yemwe amabwereza masikelo osamva nyimbo zake.. Kupita patsogolo kwenikweni kumabwera pamene kukumbukira kumakhala kumvetsetsa, ndi kuzindikira, mu intuition. Woyamba akasiya kuwona bolodi ngati zidutswa za zidutswa ndikuyamba kuziwona ngati dongosolo lolumikizana., wapanga kudumpha kwabwino komwe kumalekanitsa ndi kuyimirira.

Koma njira iyi si yolunjika. Padzakhala masewera kumene, ngakhale kuphunzira, kukumbukira kulephera. Mphindi zokhumudwitsa pomwe zomwe zaphunziridwa zidzawoneka ngati zasanduka nthunzi. Ndi munthawi yomwe chess imawulula phunziro lake lofunika kwambiri: kulakwitsa si mdani, koma mphunzitsi. Mnzanga aliyense wa jack adapewa, kuphatikiza kulikonse kuwerengeredwa ndendende, chomaliza chilichonse chinapambana ndi luso, Ndi zotsatira za kugwera mu misampha yomweyi kale. kukumbukira, choncho, si fayilo chabe, koma mapu a zochitika zomwe zimatsogolera ku zisankho zanzeru.

Vuto lalikulu si kuchita bwino chess, koma kudziwa luso la maphunziro. Chifukwa chiyani?, Pomaliza pake, bolodi si kanthu koma kalilole. Simangosonyeza mphamvu zathu ndi zofooka zathu zokha, komanso luso lathu losinthika. ndi kuti, mwina, kukhala masewera ofunika kwambiri kuposa onse.