Zakaran chess na duniya wanda ya canza tarihi

dara, wasan 64 murabba'ai da suka kalubalanci bil'adama fiye da shekaru dari goma sha biyar, Ba abin sha'awa ba ne kawai. Filin yaki ne da hankali ke fuskantar kansa, inda ake auna dabara da hakuri, da kuma inda zakarun duniya suka bar tarihi a tarihi. Daga Wilhelm Steinitz, zakaran hukuma na farko, da Magnus Carlsen, prodigy na Nordic wanda ya sake fasalin abin da ake nufi ya zama mafi kyau, kowane ɗayan waɗannan titan ya ɗauki wasan zuwa sabon matsayi. Amma, me ya bambanta su? Shin ikon ku ne kawai don ƙididdige bambance-bambancen da ba zai yiwu ba, ko kuwa akwai wani abu mafi zurfi a cikin gadonsa? Wannan labarin yana bincika rayuwa, wasanni da falsafar zakarun dara na duniya, tona asirin da ya sanya su almara.

Haihuwar take: Wilhelm Steinitz da juyin juya halin matsayi

Kafin Wilhelm Steinitz, Chess wasa ne na hare-hare masu ban mamaki da sadaukarwa. 'Yan wasan zamanin soyayya, Adolf Anderssen, Sun yi imanin cewa kyawun haɗuwa ya fi mahimmanci fiye da sakamakon ƙarshe. Pero Steinitz, wani Bayahude dan kasar Ostiriya da ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka, ya canza duk wannan. A ciki 1886, An ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan kwallon duniya na farko a hukumance bayan ya doke Johannes Zukertort a wani wasa mai ban mamaki. Nasarar da ya yi ba nasara ce kawai ta kansa ba, amma haihuwar sabon zamani: darasi matsayi.

Steinitz ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi waɗanda a yau suke kama da asali, amma a zamaninsu sun kasance masu juyi. Ya yi magana game da mahimmancin kula da cibiyar, na tsarin pawn, da kuma yadda karamin amfani zai iya zama nasara tare da hakuri. Shahararriyar maganarsa, “Sarki yanki ne mai ƙarfi”, ya takaita hanyarsa: maimakon neman mai saurin dubawa, gwammace a tara ƙananan fa'idodi har sai abokin hamayya ya rushe. Duk da haka, Abin da ya gada ba kawai ka'ida ba ne. Steinitz ya nuna cewa dara zai iya zama wasan dabaru, ba hankali ba, aza harsashin dukkan zakarun da suka biyo baya.

Amma Steinitz kuma mutum ne mai azaba. Damuwarsa da dara ya kai shi ga talauci da, a karshe, ga hauka. Ya mutu a mafaka a ciki 1900, da yawa sun manta. Duk da haka, tasirinsa yana jurewa. ba tare da shi ba, Figures kamar Makarantar Chess ta Rasha Ba za su taɓa haɓaka tsarinsu na kimiyya game da wasan ba.

Mulkin masu hankali: Emanuel Lasker da Psychology na Ches

Idan Steinitz shine uban dara na zamani, Emanuel Lasker shine masanin ilimin halin dan Adam na farko. Zakaran duniya lokacin 27 shekaru (1894-1921), rikodin da har yanzu bai wuce ba, Lasker ba kawai masanin dabarun ba ne, amma kuma kwararre wajen fahimtar kishiyoyinsa. Hanyarsa ta kasance mai sauƙi: wasa ba kawai da guda, amma a kan tunanin abokin hamayya.

Lasker, Bajamushe Bayahude wanda ya karanci ilmin lissafi da falsafa, Na yi imani cewa dara darasi ne na rayuwa. gareshi, Kowane wasa yaƙin tunani ne inda manufar ba kawai nasara ba ce, amma don tada hankalin kishiya. Misali na yau da kullun shine wasansa da Siegbert Tarrasch a ciki 1908. Tarrasch, masanin ka'idar matsayi, Ya yi fatan kayar Lasker tare da fifikonsa na ka'idar. Amma Lasker, maimakon bin abin “dokoki”, ya buga budewa wanda ya san ya fusata Tarrasch, kamar yadda Slavic Defence. Sakamakon ya kasance nasara ga Lasker da gagarumin rinjaye, wanda ya nuna cewa dara ba wasa ne kawai na dokoki ba, amma na daidaitawa.

Amma Lasker ba kawai masanin dabarun tunani ba ne. Ya kuma kasance mai kirkire-kirkire. Gabatar da ra'ayoyi a cikin buɗewa kamar Tsaron Indiya na Sarki da Bambancin Lasker na Tsaron Faransa, wanda har yau ana nazari. Bayan haka, Ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko da suka fahimci cewa dara ba wasa ba ne., amma fahimta. Shahararriyar maganarsa, “cikin chess, kamar a rayuwa, makiya mafi hatsari shine kai”, ya takaita falsafarsa: kishiya ta gaske bata daga bangaren hukumar, amma a cikin zuciyarmu.

Chess kamar fasaha: Alexander Alekhine da kuma sadaukarwa

Alexander Alekhine, zakaran duniya na hudu, ya dauki dara zuwa matakin fasaha da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. gareshi, Kowane wasa ya kasance gwanin ban mamaki wanda kyawun sadaukarwa ya kasance mahimmanci kamar nasara. Alhini, dan kasar Rasha wanda ya zama dan kasar Faransa, ya kasance m player, amma ba a ma'anar soyayya ta Anderssen ba. An kididdige tashin hankalinsa, dangane da zurfin fahimtar tsarin tafiyar da hukumar.

Ana tunawa da Alekhine saboda kyawawan wasanninsa, Inda na sadaukar da gutsuttsura ba don bege ba, amma saboda tabbas. Misali mai kyan gani shine wasansa da Aaron Nimzowitsch a San Remo 1930, inda ya sadaukar da uwargidansa a harkar 26 don kaddamar da harin da ba za a iya tsayawa ba. Amma abin da ya fi burge ni ba sadaukarwar kanta ba ce., amma dai dai-daicin da ya aiwatar da shi. Alekhine bai bar komai ba; An ƙididdige kowane motsi don ƙara matsa lamba akan abokin hamayya..

Duk da haka, Alekhine kuma ya kasance mutum mai rigima. Haɗin gwiwar da ya yi da ’yan Nazi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ɓata tarihinsa, kuma da yawa suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin maci amana. Amma ko da masu zaginsa sun yarda cewa gudunmawar da ya bayar a wasan dara ta yi yawa.. Ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko da ya fahimci cewa dara ba wasa ne kawai na hankali ba., amma kuma kerawa. Hanyarsa ta rinjayi tsararrun 'yan wasa, daga Mikhail Tal zuwa Bobby Fischer ne adam wata, wanda ya ga sadaukarwa a matsayin nau'i na zane-zane.

The Cold War a kan jirgin: Mikhail Botvinnik da kuma Soviet Ches

Mikhail Botvinnik, zakaran duniya na shida, Shi ne maginin juyin mulkin Soviet a dara. gareshi, dara ba wasa kawai ba ne, amma kayan aikin farfaganda da kimiyya wanda dole ne a yi nazari sosai. Botvinnik, injiniyan lantarki ta hanyar horo, amfani da hanyar kimiyya zuwa dara, ƙirƙirar tsarin horo wanda ya canza USSR zuwa ikon dara.

Botvinnik ya zama zakara a duniya 1948, a gasar da aka shirya domin cike gibin da mutuwar Alekhine ya bari. Amma sarautarsa ​​ba ta da sauƙi. Rasa taken sau biyu (contra Vasily Smyslov en 1957 da Mikhail Tal in 1960), amma ya dawo da shi a cikin lokuta biyu a wasannin ramuwar gayya. Wannan ikon sake sabunta kansa yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙarfinsa.. Botvinnik ya fahimci cewa chess wasa ne a cikin juyin halitta akai-akai, kuma dole ne zakara ya daidaita ko ya mutu.

Amma babban abin da ya gada ba salon wasansa ba ne, amma tasirinsa akan chess na Soviet. Botvinnik ya kirkiro makarantar dara a Moscow wanda ya samar da wasu mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a tarihi, ciki har da Anatoly Karpov da Garry Kasparov. Hankalinsa a fili yake.: chess ya kamata a yi karatu a matsayin kimiyya, tare da bincike mai zurfi da shiri na jiki. Karkashin jagorancinsa, USSR ta mamaye wasan shekaru da yawa, mai da chess zuwa tsawaita yakin cacar baka.

Hazaka da hauka: Bobby Fischer da sha'awar kamala

Bobby Fischer da, tabbas, zakaran duniya mafi shahara a tarihi. Wasansa da Boris Spassky in 1972, a tsakiyar yakin sanyi, Wani lamari ne na duniya wanda ya dauki hankalin duniya. Amma Fischer ba ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne kawai ba; Ya kasance mai raɗaɗi wanda ke neman kamala a kowane wasa.

Fischer ya koyi wasan dara yana ɗan shekara shida, kuma tun daga nan, rayuwarsa ta ta'allaka ne da wasan. Zuwa ga 13, ya riga ya zama gwani; zuwa ga 15, Ya zama Babban Malami mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihi. Amma ainihin abin da ya gada shi ne tsarinsa na juyin juya hali game da dara.. Fischer ba kawai ƙwararren dabara ba ne, amma kuma mai kirkire-kirkire. Ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi a cikin buɗewa kamar Tsaron Sicilian da Bambancin Fischer na Tsaron Indiya na Sarki, wanda har yau ana nazari.

Duk da haka, Fischer shima mutum ne mai ban tausayi. Damuwarsa da dara ce ta sa shi keɓe, sai rugujewar sa ta mayar da shi ya koma yamutse. A ciki 1975, ya ki kare kambunsa da Anatoly Karpov, ana zargin cewa yanayin wasan bai dace ba. Ya kashe wadannan 20 shekaru a gudun hijira, har sai da ya sake bayyana a ciki 1992 don buga wasan da ba na hukuma ba da Spassky a Yugoslavia, keta takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Fischer ya mutu a ciki 2008, kadai kuma da yawa sun manta, amma abin da ya gada a matsayinsa na ƙwararren ɗan wasa na zamaninsa yana nan daram.

shekarun titan: Garry Kasparov da chess a matsayin fitattun wasanni

Garry Kasparov, zakaran duniya mafi karancin shekaru a tarihi (aka yi rawani 22 shekaru a 1985), ya dauki dara zuwa matakin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. gareshi, dara ba wasa kawai ba ne, amma fitattun wasanni da ke buƙatar shiri na jiki, hankali da dabara. Kasparov ya fahimci cewa chess yaki ne na so, kuma ba lallai ne dan wasa mafi karfi ya kasance ya fi hazaka ba, amma mafi tattalin.

Ana tunawa da Kasparov don salonsa mai ban tsoro da ikonsa na lissafin bambance-bambancen da ba zai yiwu ba. Amma babban ƙarfinsa shine tunaninsa na gasa.. Bai taba gamsuwa da nasara mai sauki ba; Ya kasance yana neman hanyar murkushe abokan hamayyarsa. Misali na yau da kullun shine wasansa da Anatoly Karpov in 1984, inda Kasparov, bayan da yake kan hanyar yin asara, ya samu wata almara da ta mayar da shi almara.

Amma Kasparov ya kasance mai kirkire-kirkire daga hukumar.. Ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko da suka fahimci yuwuwar fasahar a cikin dara, da wasansa da Deep Blue computer in 1997 Wani ci gaba ne a tarihin wasan. Ko da yake ya rasa, Rikicin da ya yi da injin ya nuna cewa chess filin yaƙi ne inda hankalin ɗan adam zai iya fafatawa da dabarun algorithmic..

Na karshe romantic: Magnus Carlsen da sake fasalin dara

Magnus Carlsen ne adam wata, zakaran duniya na yanzu, Mutum ne na musamman a tarihin dara. Sabanin magabata, Carlsen bai ƙware a kowane buɗewa ta musamman ba. A maimakon haka, Ƙarfinsa yana cikin ikonsa na dacewa da kowane matsayi kuma ya sami albarkatun inda wasu ba sa ganin su.. Za Carlsen, dara ba wasan ƙwaƙwalwa bane, amma na zurfin fahimta.

Carlsen ya zama zakara a duniya 2013, bayan ya doke Viswanathan Anand a wasan da ya mamaye matsayinsa. Amma abin da ya banbanta shi da gaske shine tsarinsa na zahiri game da wasan.. Carlsen baya neman kyau a dara; neman nasara. Ana kwatanta salonsa da na a “wasan karta”, inda aka lissafta kowane yanke shawara don haɓaka damar samun nasara.

Duk da haka, Carlsen kuma ya kasance mai ƙididdigewa daga hukumar. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko don fahimtar yuwuwar dandamali na dijital, kamar Chess.com da Twitch, don tallata dara. Kasancewa cikin gasa ta kan layi yayin bala'in COVID-19 ya taimaka wajen kawo wasan ga sabbin magoya baya. Bayan haka, Ya mayar da hankalinsa kan chess mai sauri da blitz ya nuna cewa wasan ba dole ba ne ya yi jinkirin zama mai zurfi.

Gado na zakarun: fiye da take

Zakarun dara na duniya ba ƙwararrun ƴan wasa ba ne kawai; Waɗannan alkaluma ne waɗanda suka tsara tarihin wasan. Da Steinitz, wanda ya aza harsashin ginin dara na zamani, ku Carlsen, wanda ya kawo shi zuwa zamanin dijital, kowannen su ya bar tabo mara gogewa. Amma abin da ya gada bai tsaya kan wasanninsa ba. Sun kuma yi tasiri a yadda muke fahimtar dara., ko a matsayin fasaha, kimiyya ko wasa.

Hoy, dara yana ci gaba da bunkasa. basirar wucin gadi, kamar yadda AlphaZero, ya canza yadda muke nazarin wasan, kuma dandamali na dijital sun sami damar dimokuradiyya. Amma abu daya ya kasance gaskiya: gadon zakarun duniya zai rayu, ƙwarin gwiwar sabbin ƴan wasa don neman girma a kowane wasa.

A cikin duniyar da fasaha ke ci gaba da tsalle-tsalle da iyaka, Chess ya kasance abin tunatarwa cewa tunanin ɗan adam yana iya yin abubuwa na ban mamaki. Da kuma zakarun duniya, tare da nasarar da suka samu, hazakarsa da haukansa, Hujja ce akan haka.