Chess da tunani: makullin sarrafa hankali

Ka yi tunanin allon dara inda kowane motsi ba dabara ba ne kawai, amma wani aiki na cikakken sani. Inda numfashin ya daidaita tare da kari na guda, da hankali, maimakon yawo tsakanin bambance-bambancen da ba su da iyaka, anchors kanta a halin yanzu kamar bishop a kan diagonal. Wannan haduwa tsakanin tunani da dara Ba ma’anar waka ba ce, amma kayan aikin kimiyya don haɓaka aiki, kerawa da juriya na tunani. Manyan malamai kamar Viswanathan Anand o Magnus Carlsen ne adam wata sun gane cewa tsabtar tunani-wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar ayyukan tunani-yana da mahimmanci kamar ilimin ka'idar. Amma, Yadda ake canza wasan yaƙi zuwa motsa jiki cikin kwanciyar hankali? Amsar ta ta'allaka ne a tsaka-tsaki tsakanin ilimin tunani, neuroscience da tsohuwar hikima.

Chess a matsayin madubin hankali: bayan lissafin sanyi

Chess a tarihi yana da alaƙa da tunani mai tsafta, Ƙwaƙwalwar hoto da ikon ƙididdige bambance-bambancen tare da madaidaicin tiyata. Duk da haka, karatun baya-bayan nan a aikin neuroscience bayyana cewa fitattun 'yan wasan ba wai kawai sun fice don ƙwarewar fasaha ba, amma don nasa hankali hankali. Wani bincike da aka buga a Frontiers a Psychology (2021) ya nuna cewa manyan malamai kunna da prefrontal bawo -haɗe da yanke shawara - da inganci lokacin da suke cikin yanayin kwarara (wannan yanayin na cikakken maida hankali inda lokaci yayi kamar ya tsaya). Amma ga cikakken bayani: ba a samun wannan jihar ta hanyar shagaltuwa da sakamakon, amma ta hanyar yarda da tsarin. Wato a ce, Falsafa guda daya da ke karkashinta tunani tunani.

Lokacin da dan wasa ya zauna a gaban allo hankalinsa ya tashi saboda rashin nasara a baya ko damuwa na nasara, ikon yin nazari ya lalace. The amygdala -yankin kwakwalwa mai kula da motsin rai-yana sace albarkatun fahimi, rage ikon prefrontal cortex don kimanta matsayi da gaske. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa har ƙwararrun ƴan wasa ke aikatawa kurakurai na tunani a cikin lokuta masu mahimmanci: wanda aka rasa, guntun da aka bari a kyauta ko budewar da aka manta. Maganin ba shine don haddace ƙarin bambance-bambancen karatu ba, amma wajen horar da hankali ya zauna a halin yanzu.

Dabarun tunani da ake amfani da su akan dara: daga zafu zuwa allo

Yin zuzzurfan tunani ba ra'ayi ɗaya ba ne; akwai hanyoyi da yawa, kowanne tare da takamaiman aikace-aikace don dara. Waɗannan su ne mafi inganci, ilimin kimiyya ya goyi bayansa kuma fitattun ƴan wasa ya inganta:

• Tunanin Tunani (hankali): Ya ƙunshi lura da tunani da motsin rai ba tare da hukunta su ba, Kamar dai guntu-guntsi ne masu motsi a kan wani allo. Nazarin daga Jami'ar Harvard (2018) gano cewa kawai 15 kullum minti na hankali inganta ikon mayar da hankali da kuma rage motsin motsin rai. Ga mai wasan dara, Wannan yana fassara zuwa ƴan kurakurai saboda rashin son rai da mafi girman iyawa ci gaba da mayar da hankali a lokacin dogon wasanni.
• Tunanin numfashi (pranayama): Dabaru kamar numfashi 4-7-8 (shaka 4 seconds, mai riƙewa 7, fitar da numfashi 8) kunna parasympathetic juyayi tsarin, rage damuwa da bugun zuciya. Wannan yana da amfani musamman a gasa, inda matsin lamba zai iya haifarwa karkata -wani yanayi na takaici wanda ke girgiza hukunci-. Yan wasa kamar Hikaru Nakamura sun yi magana a fili game da yadda numfashi na hankali ke taimaka musu su natsu bayan kuskure.
• Tunanin Kallon gani: Kafin wasa, Grandmasters ba sa bitar buɗewa kawai, amma sai dai sun hango allon allo, gutsuttsura har ma da martanin kishiyarsa. Wannan al'ada, kwatankwacin wanda 'yan wasan Olympics ke amfani da shi, yana kunna cibiyoyin sadarwa iri ɗaya waɗanda za a yi amfani da su yayin wasan na ainihi, shirya kwakwalwa don aiki. Wani matsanancin misali shine na Bobby Fischer ne adam wata, wanda yayi da'awar “ver” wasannin da ke cikin zuciyar ku kwanaki kafin kunna su.
• Yin zuzzurfan tunani a cikin motsi (kinhin): Zuciyar Zen, Wannan dabarar ta ƙunshi tafiya a hankali yayin kula da numfashi da jin daɗin jiki.. 'yan wasa da yawa, kamar yadda Vladimir Kramnik, Suna amfani da shi tsakanin zagaye zuwa “sake saiti” hankali da gujewa gajiyawar tunani. A cikin gasa mai sauri na dara, inda kowane daƙiƙa ya ƙidaya, Wannan al'ada za ta iya bambanta tsakanin yanke shawara da gaggawa da wasa mai kayatarwa.

Shiru a matsayin makamin dabara: Paradox na meditative dara

A cikin duniya damu da gudun-inda da harsashi da kuma blitz mamaye dandamali na dijital -, meditative chess ya ba da shawarar akasin haka: Rege gudu. Amma wannan ba motsa jiki ba ne mai sauƙi a cikin haƙuri., amma na dabarun zuwa kwance damarar kishiya. Lokacin da ɗan wasa ya ɗauki halin nutsuwa, kusan ba ruwansu da sakamakon, yana isar da sigina mai hankali ga abokin adawar ku: “Ba ku shafe ni ba”. Wannan na iya haifar da takaici ga abokan hamayyar da suka saba amfani da motsin zuciyar wasu., Kamar yadda muka yi bayani a labarinmu akan kwakwalwar kwakwalwa.

Alamar alamar ita ce ta Ding Liren, zakaran duniya na yanzu, wanda ya shahara da rashin gogewa a kan allo. A cikin wata hira, ya bayyana cewa sirrinsa ba shiri bane na ka'idar, amma iyawa “komai a hankali” kafin kowane wasa. Wannan falsafar, raba by martial art masters kamar aikido, Ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa ƙarfin gaske ba ya zuwa daga tashin hankali, amma na shakatawa. cikin chess, Wannan yana fassara zuwa mafi girman ikon gano ƙirar dabara da kimanta matsayi tare da daidaito..

Amma akwai matakin zurfi: Ches na tunani ba kawai inganta aikin ba, amma yana canza dangantakar ɗan wasan da wasan. Lokacin da aka horar da hankali don lura ba tare da jingina ba - ko dai ga nasara ko rashin nasara -, Kowane wasa ya zama dakin gwaje-gwaje na sanin kai. Yankunan sun daina zama kayan aiki masu sauƙi don cin nasara kuma su zama alamomin tsarin tunanin mutum na kansa.: ’yan baranda da ke ci gaba ba tare da tsoro ba, bishop wanda ke binciken diagonals da ba a sani ba, matar da ke kare cibiyar. A wannan ma'ana, allon ya zama a mandala, taswirar ruhi mai tsarki.

Daga ka'idar zuwa aiki: yadda ake haɗa tunani a cikin horonku

Ba kwa buƙatar zama ɗan addinin Buddah ko babban malami don cin gajiyar tunanin dara.. Anan kuna da shirin aiwatar da kankare, dangane da halayen fitattun 'yan wasa kuma sun dace da matakai daban-daban:

• Masu farawa (0-1200 Nawa):
  • Fara da hankali asali: 5 mintuna a rana, lura da numfashi. Yi amfani da apps komo Wurin kai o Insight Timer in yi muku jagora.
  • Kafin kowane wasa, huta 1 minti daya don rufe idanunku kuma ku hango allon babu komai. Wannan yana rage damuwa kuma yana inganta ƙaddamarwa na farko.
  • bayan rasa, maimakon yin nazarin wasan nan da nan, toma 3 numfashi mai zurfi. Wannan yana hana bacin rai daga rikitar da hukuncinku lokacin nazarin kurakurai..
• Matsakaici (1200-2000 Nawa):
  • Haɗa zuzzurfan tunani: kafin barci, a hankali ku yi bitar buɗewa ko ƙarewa da kuka yi karatu a rana. Wannan yana ƙarfafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci.
  • A cikin gasa, amfani da numfashinka 4-7-8 lokacin da kuka ji matsin yana ƙaruwa. Misali, bayan abokin hamayyar ku yayi wani yunkuri na bazata.
  • Yi aikin kinhin tsakanin zagaye: yi tafiya a hankali a kusa da wurin gasar, mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ƙafafunku suka taɓa ƙasa. Wannan zai taimaka maka ka kwantar da hankalinka kuma ka guje wa gajiyar tunani..
• Na ci gaba (2000+ Nawa):
  • Haɓaka tsarin yau da kullun na kafin wasan 15 mintuna masu hada numfashi, gani da hankali. Misali: 5 mintuna na numfashi a hankali, 5 mintuna kallon wasan da 5 mintuna suna lura da tunani ba tare da yanke musu hukunci ba.
  • Yi amfani da tunani don yin aiki akan ku lashe tunanin. Misali, idan kana da halin dainawa bayan kuskure, yi karbuwa: kiyaye tunani “Ina sharri a wannan” kamar girgije mai wucewa, ba tare da manne masa ba.
  • Haɗa zuzzurfan tunani cikin binciken bayan wasan ku. Kafin yin bitar wasan da injin, zauna shiru don 5 mintuna kuma ga abin da motsin zuciyarmu ya tashi yayin wasan. Wannan zai ba ku ra'ayoyi game da ku masu jawo hankali hankali.

Chess a matsayin hanyar ruhaniya: darussa fiye da checkmate

Chess da zuzzurfan tunani suna raba ainihin ma'ana: duka wasanni ne da, a cikin mafi girman siffarsa, wuce wasan da kanta. A ciki Zen da fasahar baka, Eugen Herrigel ya bayyana yadda ƙwararren maharbi ba ya yi “harba” kibiya, amma ya zama ainihin aikin harbi. Hakazalika, mai ci-gaban chess ba ya “wasa” da chess, amma yana gauraya cikin wasan, inda kowane motsi ya taso a zahiri, m.

Wannan ra'ayin ba sabon abu bane. A zamanin d Indiya, shi Chaturanga An yi la'akari da farkon chess a yantra, kayan aiki mai tsarki don tunani. Yankunan suna wakiltar sojojin sararin samaniya, da allon, duniya a dada. Ba Farisa ba, shi shatranj aka gani a matsayin misali na rayuwa: sarki mai rauni, mace mai iko, hadaya da pawns. Har ma a Turai ta tsakiya, inda Coci ta hana dara dara saboda an dauke shi a “wasan kwaikwayo”, sufaye sun yi shi a asirce a matsayin kayan aiki don haɓaka haƙuri da tawali'u.

Hoy, a cikin zamanin basirar wucin gadi da chess algorithmic, Wannan yanayin ruhaniya na wasan yana ɗaukar sabon ma'ana. Lokacin da injuna suka so Kifi na jari o AlphaZero sun zarce mutane a cikin tsantsar lissafi, fa'idar gasa baya ta'allaka cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko sauri, amma a cikin kerawa da kuma hankali - Faculty biyu da ake nomawa ta hanyar tunani. Kamar yadda yace Garry Kasparov bayan shan kayen da ya yi Blue Blue: “Injin baya fahimtar dara; kawai lissafta. Muna jin wasan”.

Amma jin wasan bai isa ba. Dole ne ku koyi saurare shi. kuma don haka, shiru shine mafi kyawun dabara.

Kammalawa: allon a matsayin Haikali

Chess ba wasan dabara ba ne kawai, amma a motsa jiki na hankali inda ake horar da dabarun da suka wuce hukumar: hakuri, juriya, ikon lura ba tare da mayar da martani ba. Tunani, a nashi bangaren, Ba aikin esoteric bane, amma wata fasaha ta hankali da kimiyya ta inganta. Lokacin da duka bangarorin biyu suka haɗu, sakamakon shine haɗin kai mai ƙarfi: mai kunnawa wanda ba kawai ƙididdiga mafi kyau ba, amma ji mafi kyau, wanda ba kawai ya lashe wasanni ba, amma yana samun haske.

Lokaci na gaba da kuka zauna a gaban allo, tuna: guda ba makiyanku bane, haka kuma kishiya ba makiyinku bane. Abokin gaba na ainihi yana cikin ku - a cikin muryar da ke gaya muku cewa ba za ku iya ba, a cikin tsoron da ya gurgunta ku, cikin rashin hakurin da ke sa ka yi kuskure-. Kuma hanya mafi kyau don shawo kan ta ba tare da ƙarin nazari na ka'idar ba, amma da karin shiru. Domin a cikin dara, kamar a rayuwa, mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo ba su fito daga hayaniya ba, amma na nutsuwa.

Don haka numfashi. Observa. Wasa. Kuma bari hukumar ta koya muku abin da babu buɗaɗɗen littafin da zai iya..