Baoulé Ritual Chess: wasa mai tsarki da al'adar ruhaniya

A tsakiyar yammacin Afirka, Ivory Coast gida ce ga ɗaya daga cikin al'adun gargajiya mafi ban sha'awa kuma ba a bincika ba: al'ada Ches na baoulé. Wannan al'ada, wanda ya wuce sauƙaƙan wasa ya zama aiki mai tsarki, interweaves alamar masks, ƙungiyoyin dabaru da bukukuwan kakanni. Baulé, daya daga cikin kabilun da ke da tasiri a kasar, sun adana wannan gado a matsayin gada tsakanin na duniya da na ruhaniya, inda kowane yanki da kowane motsi ke samun ma'ana mai zurfi. Ta wannan labarin, Za mu bincika yadda ake haɗa chess na al'ada cikin bukukuwan baoulé, alakar sa da abin rufe fuska a matsayin motocin sadarwa tare da kakanni, da irin rawar da take takawa wajen hadin kan al’umma da yada ilimi. Za mu gano, banda haka, Yadda wannan al'ada ta kalubalanci ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai na dara a matsayin nishaɗi kawai, yana bayyana girmansa na ruhaniya da kuma dacewarsa a cikin asalin al'adun Ivory Coast.

Baoulé chess na al'ada: wasa bayan jirgi

Don baoulé, dara ba abin sha'awa ba ne, amma a harshe mai tsarki wanda ke nuna ra'ayin duniya na mutanensa. Ba kamar chess na yamma ba, inda guntuwar ke wakiltar adadi na soja, A cikin sigar baoulé kowane kashi na allon yana wakiltar ƙarfin halitta, magabata ko ka'idodin falsafa. Misali, sarki ba sarki bane, amma wakilci na blo bin, shi “biyu na ruhaniya” wanda ke jagorantar al'umma. Hasumiyai na iya tayar da bishiyoyi masu tsarki, yayin da al'umma ke wakiltar matasa a cikin al'umma, wanda kariya ke da alhakin tsofaffi.

Ita kanta hukumar, sassaƙa a cikin iroko ko mahogany itace, Ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, amma a microcosm inda aka sake haifar da daidaito tsakanin bayyane da ganuwa. Yawancin wasanni ana yin su a wurare masu tsarki, kamar yadda gandun daji na kakanni, kuma suna tare da wakoki, raye-raye da sadaukarwa. Ba a yanke shawarar kowane motsi ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma bi a ka'idar ruhaniya: 'yan wasan suna tuntubar dattawa ko masu duba (coman) don fassara saƙon ruhohi. A cikin wannan mahallin, rashin wasa ba nasara bace, amma alama ce ta kakanni sun bayyana nufinsu, ko dai don faɗakar da haɗari ko don jagorantar yanke shawara na al'umma.

Wannan girman al'ada yana juya baoulé dara zuwa kayan aiki na warware rikici. A cikin rikicin iyali ko kauye, ana amfani da wasanni azaman hanyar sulhu, inda sakamakon - fassara ta masu hikima - ya ƙayyade mafita. Don haka, Wasan ya wuce aikinsa na nishaɗi ya zama a tsarin adalci na magabata, inda dabara da ruhi suka haɗu.

Masks na baoulé: portals tsakanin mutum da allahntaka

Masks sune mafi kyawun al'adun Baoulé, amma rawar da yake takawa a cikin darasi na al'ada ya wuce na ado. Wadannan guda na itace, sosai sassaƙa da kuma ado da na halitta pigments, yi kamar masu shiga tsakani tsakanin masu rai da ruhohi. a lokacin bukukuwan, ’yan rawan da suke saka su sun shiga halin hayyaci, kyale magabata “magana” ta hanyar su. A cikin mahallin chess, abin rufe fuska ba kawai rakiyar wasanni ba, amma tasiri ci gabanta.

Akwai nau'ikan masks guda biyu masu dacewa da al'ada:

• Masks manufa: Suna wakiltar ruhohin yanayi kuma ana amfani dasu don kiran kariya yayin wasanni.. Tsarin ku, tare da siffofi na dabba da na mutum a hade, yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin duniyar zahiri da ta ruhaniya. Lokacin da ɗan wasa ya yi shakka game da motsi, masu wannan abin rufe fuska za su iya “ba da shawara” wasa ta hanyar motsi ko sauti.
• Masks kple: Haɗe da kakannin kakannin zuriyar Baoulé, Ana tuntubar waɗannan masks kafin fara wani muhimmin wasa. An yi imanin kasancewar su don tabbatar da cewa wasan ya gudana a karkashin kyakkyawar kallo na kakanni., guje wa mummunan tasiri ko yanke shawara mara kyau.

Tsarin ƙirƙirar waɗannan masks a cikin kansa al'ada ce. Masu sassaka, wanda dole ne a fara shiga cikin sirrin al'ada, Suna aiki a ware kuma suna bin ƙa'idodi masu tsauri, kamar rashin magana yayin sassaƙa ko amfani da takamaiman kayan aiki. An zaɓi itace bisa ga ma'anarsa: el iroko, Misali, An dauke shi mai tsarki don tsayin daka da tsayinsa, halayen da kuke son watsawa ga al'ada. Da zarar an gama, abin rufe fuska “tada” ta hanyar bukukuwan da ake ba da jinin dabbobi, ya na da babur, kunna ikon ku na ruhaniya.

A cikin chess na al'ada, abin rufe fuska ba kayan ado ba ne kawai, zuwa mahalarta masu aiki. Kasancewarsa yana canza wasan zuwa tattaunawa tsakanin ɗan adam da allahntaka, inda kowane motsi ya zama tambaya da kowace amsa, wahayi.

Bikin dara: al'ada na haɗin kai da watsawa

Wasannin chess na al'ada na Baoulé ba abubuwan da suka faru ba ne, amma shirye-shiryen biki da kyau waɗanda zasu iya ɗaukar kwanaki ko ma makonni. Waɗannan bukukuwan yawanci sun zo daidai da mahimman lokutan zagayowar aikin noma, kamar shuka ko girbi, ko tare da canjin rayuwa, kamar haihuwa, bukukuwan aure ko jana'iza. Manufar ba kawai a yi wasa ba, zuwa sake tabbatar da gama kai da kuma isar da ilimi ga sababbin tsararraki.

The al'ada farawa da shirye-shiryen sarari mai tsarki. Ana sanya allon a tsakiyar da'irar da mahalarta suka kafa, yayin da tsofaffi da masu sanya abin rufe fuska suka mamaye matsayi na dabaru. Kafin fara wasan, Ana yin hadaya ga kakanni, wanda zai iya haɗawa da:

• Abinci kamar dawa, ayaba ko kyafaffen kifi.
• Abubuwan sha na gargajiya, kamar shi bangui (giyar dabino) ko kuma zamba (giyar gero).
• Abubuwa masu alama, irin su bawo ko guntun zane da aka rina da indigo.

Yayin wasan, Ba 'yan wasa ne kawai ke yanke shawarar motsi ba, amma suna bin a ka'idar al'umma. ’Yan kallo-waɗanda za su iya zama ƴan ƙauye ko baƙi daga wasu al’ummomi—suna shiga tsakani da waƙoƙi., pats ko shawarwari. Wannan haɗin gwiwa yana ƙarfafa ma'anar kasancewa kuma yana tunatar da mu cewa wasan dara na al'ada ba wasa bane na mutum ɗaya., amma daya gogewar da aka raba.

Daya daga cikin mafi tsananin lokutan bikin shine fassarar ƙungiyoyin. Lokacin da aka kama wani yanki ko kuma aka sami abokin aiki, dattijai suna nazarin ma'anar wasan kwaikwayo ta ɓoye. Misali, idan aka yi wa sarki barazana, ana iya fassara shi azaman gargaɗi game da haɗari da ke gabatowa ga al'umma. Idan ɗan leƙen asiri ya ci gaba ba tare da cikas ba, zai iya nuna alamar nasarar aikin gama gari. Waɗannan fassarori ba na son rai ba ne, amma sun dogara ne akan a lambar kakanni ana watsa ta baki daga tsara zuwa tsara.

An kammala bikin tare da liyafar al'umma, inda ake raba abincin da ake ba kakanni. Wannan aikin haɗin gwiwa yana ƙarfafa alaƙar zamantakewa kuma yana rufe tsarin al'ada, tabbatar da cewa kuzarin ruhaniya da aka samar a lokacin wasan yana haɗawa cikin rayuwar yau da kullun.

Baoulé chess a karni na 21: tsakanin al'ada da zamani

A cikin duniya ta duniya, inda ake yawan kallon al'adun Afirka a matsayin kayan tarihi na baya, Ches na al'ada na Baoulé yana fuskantar kalubale da dama. A gefe guda, Hijira zuwa birane da tasirin al'adun Yammacin Turai ya sa matasa da yawa Baoulé rashin sani ko kuma raina wannan al'ada.. A daya bangaren, Ana samun karuwar sha'awar duniya madadin hanyoyin sani, wanda ya bude kofofin kiyayewa da yada shi.

A Ivory Coast, kungiyoyi irin su Cibiyar Al'adu ta ƙasa sun fara rubutawa da inganta wasan dara na gargajiya a matsayin wani bangare na gadon da ba a taba gani ba a kasar. Biki irin na Dipri Festival, da aka gudanar a yankin Gagnoa, sun haɗa da nunin wasannin al'ada, janyo hankalin mazauna gida da masu yawon bude ido. Bayan haka, Masu fasahar Baoulé na zamani sun haɗa abubuwa na dara a cikin ayyukansu, cusa al'ada da zamani. Misali, mai sassaka Christian Lattier ya ƙirƙiri na'urori waɗanda ke sake fassara hukumar a matsayin sarari don tattaunawa tsakanin al'adu.

Duk da haka, Babban barazana ga wannan al'ada ba rashin sha'awa ba ne, amma da kayayyaki. A kasuwannin yawon bude ido irin su Abidjan, Ya zama ruwan dare a sami allunan dara da ake sayar da su azaman “sana'a”, cire musu mahallin al'ada. Don baoulé, Wannan ba asarar tattalin arziki ba ce kawai, amma daya lalata na gadonsa na ruhaniya. Ganin wannan yanayin, masu kula da al'ada - dattawa, sculptors da ’yan wasa — sun rungumi dabaru don kare gadonsu:

• Sarrafa farawa: Wadanda suka nuna himma da girmamawa ne kawai zasu iya koyon sirrin dara. Wannan yana hana ilimi fadawa hannun mutane a wajen al'umma..
• Daidaitawa ba tare da asarar ainihin ba: Wasu ƙungiyoyi sun fara amfani da ƙananan alluna ko gajerun wasanni don jawo hankalin matasa 'yan wasa., ba tare da canza dokokin ruhaniya ba.
• Haɗin kai tare da masu ilimi: Masana ilimin ɗan adam da masana tarihi suna aiki tare da al'ummomi don yin rikodin bambance-bambancen wasan da alamar sa, tabbatar da cewa ilimi bai rasa ba.

Makomar chess na al'ada baoulé ya dogara da ma'auni mai laushi: kiyaye ma'anarsa mai tsarki yayin daidaitawa ga canje-canjen zamantakewa. A cikin nahiyar da ruhi da al'umma ke ci gaba da zama ginshiƙai, wannan al'adar tana da damar zama alamar tsayin daka na al'adu. Fiye da wasa, baoulé chess a gadon rayuwa, tunatarwa cewa, har ma a zamanin dijital, Akwai nau'ikan hikima waɗanda za a iya yada su ta hanyar itace kawai, rawa da shiru.

Ƙarshe: dara a matsayin madubin ruhin baoulé

A tsawon wannan tafiya, mun gano cewa baoulé chess na al'ada ya wuce wasa: ina a tsarin ilimi, gada tsakanin tsararraki da harshe mai tsarki wanda ke haɗa ɗan adam da allahntaka. Daga allunan da aka sassaƙa a matsayin microcosms zuwa abin rufe fuska waɗanda ke aiki azaman mashigai na ruhaniya, Kowane bangare na wannan al'ada ya ƙunshi nau'in ma'anar da ke ƙalubalantar ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai na dara a matsayin gasar fasaha kawai..

Bikin Baoulé yana koya mana cewa wasa na iya zama a aiki na tarayya, inda dabarun ke da alaƙa da ruhi kuma ana ƙarfafa al'umma ta hanyar haɗin kai. Abin rufe fuska, nesa da zama abubuwa masu sauƙi na ado, Su ne wakilai masu aiki a cikin al'ada, jagorantar ƴan wasa da kuma isar da saƙon kakanni. da allon, tare da guntuwar sa cike da alamar alama, Ya zama matakin da ake magance rikice-rikice, Ana yanke shawara kuma ana kiyaye abubuwan tunawa da mutane.

A cikin duniya motsi zuwa al'adu homogenization, Baoulé chess na al'ada yana fitowa azaman a alamar juriya. Rayuwarta ba ta dogara ne kawai da nufin dattawan da suke gadin ta ba, amma na iyawar sabbin tsararraki don gane darajarsu. Ivory Coast, tare da arziƙin kabilanci, Wannan al'adar tana da jauhari wanda ya cancanci a kiyaye shi da kuma biki.. Bayan kyawun sa na ado ko kuma dabararsa, baoulé chess tunatarwa ce cewa, a wasu al'adu, wasan ba wasa ba ne kawai: ni a addu'a, tattaunawa tare da ganuwa da gadon da ke dawwama akan lokaci.

Ga wadanda suka kusanci wannan al'ada, ko dai a matsayin malamai, matafiya ko kuma kawai m, sakon a bayyane yake: baoulé chess ba a kiyaye, tare da rayuwa. Kuma a kowane wasa, a cikin kowane mask, a kowane motsi, ya bugi zuciyar garin da ya san yadda ake mayar da wasa zuwa fasaha, dabarun a ruhaniya da al'ada a cikin har abada.