Chess da AI: Juyin Halitta ko barazana ga wasan ɗan adam?

Tsawon shekaru aru-aru, dara shine matakin da ake auna basirar dan Adam a mafi kyawun sifarsa.: dabarun, hakuri da kerawa. amma yau, wancan tsohuwar hukumar tana fuskantar juyin juya hali da ba a taba yin irinsa ba. The basirar wucin gadi Ba wai kawai ya zarce mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a duniya ba, amma ya sake fasalin iyakar abin da zai yiwu, yin tambayoyi marasa dadi: Shin muna fuskantar faɗuwar hazakar ɗan adam ko kuma wayewar wani sabon zamani inda wasan ke rikiɗa zuwa wani abu mai zurfi., m kuma, paradoxically, fiye da mutane?

Fitowar injuna kamar Kifi na jari o AlphaZero - na ƙarshe mai iya koyo daga karce ba tare da sa hannun ɗan adam ba - ya ɓata iyakokin tsakanin lissafin sanyi da hankali.. Amma nesa da zama barazana, AI ya zama madubi wanda ke nuna iyawar mu, abokin tarayya wanda ke kalubalantar son zuciya kuma ya tilasta mana mu samu. A cikin wannan labarin, Za mu bincika yadda fasaha ke tsara makomar dara, daga horas da sabbin hazaka zuwa dimokaradiyyar ilimi, ta hanyar daɗaɗɗen ɗabi'a waɗanda ke tasowa lokacin da injuna ke tsara ƙa'idodin wasan.

AI a matsayin madubi: lokacin da injin ya fallasa iyakokin mu

Shi 11 Mayu 1997 alamar juyi. Blue Blue, IBM supercomputer, Ya doke Garry Kasparov a wasan da ya wuce hukumar ya zama alamar fada tsakanin mutum da na'ura.. Amma abin da 'yan kaɗan ke tunawa shi ne, a wasa na biyu, Kasparov ya yi kuskure a cikin budewa, wani yunkuri da babu wani babba da zai yi la'akari da shi. Shin kuskuren ɗan adam ne ko magudin tunani na AI? Amsar dai har yanzu tana kan muhawara, Amma gaskiyar ita ce lokacin ya bayyana wani abu mai zurfi: basirar wucin gadi ba kawai ƙididdiga mafi kyau fiye da mu ba, amma yana bayyana raunin mu.

Hoy, injuna kamar Leela Chess Zero o AlphaZero Sun dauki wannan ra'ayi zuwa matsananci. AlphaZero, DeepMind ya haɓaka, ba kawai wasa da dara ba, amma reinvents shi. Salon ku, dangane da ƙarfafa koyo, yana ba da fifikon aikin sashi akan tarin kayan, falsafar da ta zaburar da 'yan wasa kamar Magnus Carlsen don ɗaukar ƙarin buɗe ido. Amma a nan ya ta'allaka ne da paradox: Kamar yadda AI ke koya mana sababbin hanyoyin tunani, Hakanan yana tilasta mana yin tambaya ko muna rasa ainihin wasan. Menene ya rage na ƙirƙira ɗan adam lokacin da na'ura zata iya samar da dubban cikakkun wasanni a cikin daƙiƙa??

Amsa, abin mamaki, Yana cikin yadda 'yan wasa ke amfani da AI ba don maye gurbin fahimtar su ba, amma don inganta shi. Dandali kamar Lichess ko Chess.com Suna haɗa injunan bincike waɗanda ke ba da damar masu son yin nazarin wasanninsu tare da zurfin da aka keɓe don ƙwararru a baya. Duk da haka, Wannan dama ta dimokuradiyya kuma tana da haɗari: dogara ga fasaha. Kamar yadda babban malami Peter Heine Nielsen yayi kashedin, “AI kamar GPS ne don dara: yana kai ku zuwa inda aka nufa, amma idan ba ku fahimci hanyar ba, ba za ku taɓa koyon kewayawa da kanku ba”.

Hybrid chess: lokacin da mutane da injuna suna fafatawa tare

Idan AI ya sake fayyace gasa, Hakanan ya haifar da sabon tsari: shi hybrid chess, inda mutane da injuna suke aiki tare a ainihin lokacin. A cikin wadannan gasa, 'yan wasa za su iya tuntuɓar injunan dara yayin wasan, amma tare da iyakancewar lokaci ko zurfin bincike. Sakamakon wasa ne inda dabarun ɗan adam ke haɗuwa tare da madaidaicin lissafin AI, samar da nunin da ke kalubalantar ra'ayoyin gargajiya na abin da ake nufi “wasa da kyau”.

An gudanar da gasar manyan daraktoci na farko a ciki 2020, tare da halartar manyan masters kamar Anish Giri da Vladimir Kramnik. Abin ban sha'awa ba kawai matakin wasa ba ne - wanda ya zarce na kowane wasan ɗan adam -, amma yadda 'yan wasan ke hulɗa da fasaha. Kramnik, Misali, ya bayyana kwarewa kamar yadda “zance da inji”, Inda aka tantance kowace shawarar injin ba don ainihin manufarta ba, amma don haɗin kai da shirin ɗan adam. Wannan tsarin ya haifar da sabuwar makarantar tunani a cikin dara., inda aka daina auna kerawa da asalin motsi, amma don ikon haɗa ilimin AI a cikin salon mutum.

Amma matasan chess kuma yana haifar da tambayoyin ɗabi'a. Shin yana da kyau cewa mai kunnawa da damar yin amfani da injin mafi ƙarfi yana da fa'ida? Inda muke zana layi tsakanin haɗin gwiwa da yaudara? A ciki 2022, abin kunya na “kwakwalwan kwamfuta” a cikin wasanni na kan layi - inda 'yan wasa suka yi amfani da na'urori masu ɓoye don karɓar shawarwarin AI - sun nuna cewa fasaha na iya lalata har ma da mafi yawan wuraren sarrafawa. Ƙungiyar Chess ta Duniya (FIDE) ya amsa da matakan kamar na'urar gano siginar lantarki, amma har yanzu muhawara a bude take: Shin muna fuskantar juyin halitta na wasan ko kuma murkushe ka'idojin sa?.

Dimokuradiyyar ilimi: yadda AI ke canza ilimi

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun tasirin AI a cikin dara shine ikonsa na ƙaddamar da damar samun ilimi. Kafin, Kasancewa ɗan wasa mai ƙarfi yana buƙatar shekaru na nazarin ƙa'idar, samun dama ga littattafai na musamman da, a lokuta da dama, gogaggen jagora. Hoy, Duk wanda ke da haɗin Intanet zai iya yin horo da injin chess, bincika wasannin grandmaster ko ma karɓar darussa na musamman daga dandamali kamar Chessable ko DecodeChess.

Wannan sauyi ya yi tasiri mai tasiri a yankunan da darasi ya kasance fitattun wasanni.. A Afirka, Misali, Yawaitar aikace-aikacen wayar salula ya baiwa matasa a kasashe irinsu Najeriya ko Kenya damar yin takara daidai da 'yan wasan Turai ko Amurka.. A ciki 2023, dan Kenya Martin Njoroge Ya zama malami na farko na duniya daga Gabashin Afirka, Nasarar da ba za a yi tsammani ba shekaru goma da suka wuce. Amma ainihin yuwuwar AI ya wuce gasa: a kasashe kamar Indiya ko Armeniya, Chess an haɗa shi cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi azaman kayan aiki don haɓaka tunani mai ma'ana da juriya a cikin yara. Bincike irin wanda jami'ar Trier ta kasar Jamus ta gudanar ya nuna cewa daliban da suke koyon darasi na kara kuzari a fannin lissafi da kimiyya., shaidar da ta sa gwamnatoci irin na Spain su inganta shigarta a cikin azuzuwa.

Duk da haka, Wannan dimokuradiyya kuma yana da bangaran duhu. Ƙarfafawa ga AI na iya haifar da dogaro mai haɗari, musamman a matasan 'yan wasa. Kamar yadda masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya nuna Fernando Moreno, “lokacin da yaro ya warware matsalolin dabara tare da taimakon mota, ka rasa damar bunkasa tunaninka. Chess ba lissafi ba ne kawai; Hakanan fasaha ne, motsin rai da, sama da duka, ɗan adam”.

Makomar dara: zuwa zamanin bayan mutum?

Idan AI ya sake fasalin halin yanzu na dara, Makomarta tana haifar da ƙarin al'amura masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Wasu masana, kamar masanin falsafa Yuval Nuhu Harari, nuna cewa chess zai iya zama a “wasan kallo”, inda ’yan Adam suka daina gasa da juna, amma kalli yadda injuna ke taka cikakkun wasanni. Wasu, kamar babban malami Viswanathan Anand, sun fi kyautata zato: “AI ba zai kashe dara ba; zai sa ya zama mai ban sha'awa. Yanzu, maimakon haddar budi, 'yan wasan za su mayar da hankali kan ilimin halin dan Adam, kerawa da sarrafa lokaci, basirar da injuna ba su yi ba tukuna”.

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa shine haɓakar injuna “daidaitacce”, wanda ke ba da damar 'yan wasa su horar da nau'ikan AI tare da takamaiman salo. Misali, Ana iya saita injin don yin koyi da wasan motsa jiki Mikhail Tal ko daidaiton matsayi na Anatoly Karpov. Wannan gyare-gyare ba wai kawai yana sa horo ya fi tasiri ba, amma kuma yana kiyaye bambance-bambancen salo a cikin dara, wani abu da injuna na gargajiya, tare da mayar da hankali ga cikar haƙiƙa, ya yi barazanar yin homogenize.

Amma babban kalubalen ba fasaha ba ne., amma na falsafa. Me ake nufi “wasa da kyau” a cikin duniyar da injuna koyaushe za su sami fa'ida? Amsar za ta iya kasancewa cikin sake tunani ainihin manufar dara. Idan a da filin yaƙi ne don hankalin ɗan adam, a yau yana iya zama dakin gwaje-gwaje don gano iyakokin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mutane da injuna. Kamar yadda Kasparov ya fada a cikin wata hira da aka yi kwanan nan: “Chess ba wasan sarakuna bane; Wasan masarautu ne, inda mutane da algorithms suke mulki tare”.

Kammalawa: allon a matsayin misali na juyin halittar mutum

Chess ya kasance yana nuna lokacinsa. A tsakiyar zamanai, tsari na allahntaka alama; a cikin Renaissance, kerawa mutum; a cikin karni na 20, yakin sanyi. Hoy, a cikin shekarun ilimin wucin gadi, Ya zama madubi na juyin halittar mu. AI bai lalata wasan ba; ya canza shi zuwa wani abu mai rikitarwa, mafi m da, daga karshe, fiye da mutane.

Makomar chess ba ta cikin fifikon inji, amma ta yadda mutane ke koyon zama tare da su. Ba batun bugun AI ba ne - wani abu ba zai yiwu ba -, amma don amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki don gano sababbin hanyoyin tunani, kerawa da haɗin kai. A cikin duniyar da fasaha ke barazanar ware mu, dara na iya zama gada tsakanin tsararraki, al'adu da, yanzu, tsakanin mutane da algorithms. Kamar yadda mawakin yace Jorge Luis Borges ne, “dara wasa ne mara iyaka”. Kuma a cikin wannan rashin iyaka, basirar wucin gadi ba shine ƙarshen ba, amma sabon farawa.

Kalubalen ga 'yan wasan, kociyoyin da magoya baya a bayyane yake: rungumi fasaha ba tare da rasa ganin abin da ke sa dara ba musamman: iya ba da labari, don haɗa tunani da tunatar da mu cewa, a karshe, ko da a duniyar da inji ke mamayewa, ainihin wasan ya kasance cikin ɗan adam.