10 kurakuran ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya waɗanda ke rage chess ɗin ku (da yadda ake gyara su)

dara, wannan allo 64 murabba'ai inda ake yin fadace-fadace, Ya fi wasa da yawa: Madubin tunanin mutum ne. Kowane wasa yana bayyana ba kawai dabaru da dabaru ba, amma kuma kurakurai masu maimaitawa waɗanda ke iyakance ci gaban masu farawa. Waɗannan gazawar, nisa daga kasancewa masu sauƙi, Alamun yanayin tunani ne da ke hana koyon darasi da kuma ikon riƙe ilimi a cikin dogon lokaci. Me yasa wasu 'yan wasan ke ci gaba da sauri yayin da wasu ke tsayawa tsayin shekaru? Amsar yawanci tana ɓoye ne cikin yadda suke sarrafa-ko ɓarna-ƙwaƙwalwarsu da hankalinsu..

A cikin wannan bincike, za mu warware 10 Yawancin kurakuran da masu farawa suka saba yi, amma ba daga saman ba. Za mu wuce a bayyane kamar “ba haɓaka sassan ba” o “bar sarki a tsakiya”. Za mu bincika yadda waɗannan kurakuran suka haɗu tare da hanyoyin fahimta, yadda suke shafar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin chess y, abu mafi mahimmanci, yadda za a gyara su don canza takaici zuwa girma. Me yasa, a karshe, Chess ba kawai game da lashe wasanni ba ne., amma don fahimtar dalilin da yasa muka rasa.

Haushi na “koyi da gani”: tatsuniyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

Daya daga cikin mafi tartsatsi kurakurai tsakanin masu farawa shine yarda cewa kallon wasannin grandmaster-ko akan dandamali kamar dara online ko a cikin littattafai-isa inganta. Wannan al'ada, ko da yake yana da amfani, ya zama takobi mai kaifi biyu lokacin da aka yi ba tare da hanya mai aiki ba. Ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam baya aiki kamar rumbun kwamfutarka wanda ke adana bayanai ta sauƙi mai sauƙi; yana buƙatar hulɗa, tazarar maimaitawa da, sama da duka, aikace-aikace mai amfani.

Masanin ilimin Neuroscientist Daniel Schacter, a cikin littafinsa *Zunuban Tunawa Bakwai*, ya bayyana cewa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar zuciya-wanda ba ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na hankali-yana jin daɗi. cikin chess, Wannan yana haifar da ƴan wasa haddar buɗe ido ba tare da fahimtar ra'ayoyinsu na asali ba., ko wanda ya maimaita motsi daga shahararrun wasanni ba tare da nazarin dalilin da yasa suka yi aiki ba. Sakamakon shine ilimi mara ƙarfi, wanda ke dushewa a ƙarƙashin matsi na ainihin wasa.

Maganin ba shine a daina nazarin wasanni ba, amma a yi shi tare da hanya mai mahimmanci. Misali, lokacin yin bita game da Magnus Carlsen ne adam wata, ya kamata mafari ya tambaya: Me ya sa ya sadaukar da wannan kambun?? Me barazana ke boye motsinsa? Yaya zan yi a wannan matsayi?? Irin wannan tambayar tana kunnawa ƙwaƙwalwar nasiha, wanda shine abin da ke ba da damar ra'ayoyi don zama gama gari kuma a yi amfani da su a cikin sababbin yanayi. Ba tare da wannan mataki ba, ilmantarwa yana zuwa ga aikin bangaskiya, rashin fahimta.

Ciwon ciki na “motsa motsi”: lokacin da ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci ta kasa

Kuskure na biyu, alaka sosai da na baya, dabi'ar yin motsi ne dangane da motsin rai ko ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wannan yana faruwa lokacin da mai kunnawa, fuskantar wani hadadden matsayi, zabar motsi saboda “yana da kyau” a halin yanzu, ba tare da kimanta sakamakon dogon lokaci ba. Ƙwaƙwalwar aiki-waɗannan ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin da ke ba mu damar riƙe bayanai na ɗan lokaci-yana cika, kuma kwakwalwa ta zaɓi zaɓi mafi dacewa, ba lallai ba ne mafi kyau.

Wani bincike da aka buga a *Nature* in 2016 ya nuna cewa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun sun nuna ba wai kawai suna da ingantaccen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don alamu ba, amma kuma sun fi dacewa wajen tace bayanan da basu da mahimmanci.. Masu farawa, maimakon haka, Sau da yawa sukan fada tarkon yin la'akari da yawa masu canji lokaci guda., haifar da gaggawa yanke shawara. Misali, Kuskure na yau da kullun shine ɗaukar ɗan baranda tare da sarauniya a farkon wasan., ba tare da sanin cewa hakan ya sa ta kara kai hari ba.

Makullin shawo kan wannan kuskure shine haɓaka a yarjejeniya yarjejeniya. Kafin motsi, yakamata dan wasan ya yiwa kansa tambayoyi uku: Me ke barazana ga kishiyata? Wane yanki ne mafi ƙarancin aiki a matsayi na? Wane shiri na dogon lokaci zan iya ci gaba?? Wannan hanya, ko da yake sauki, tilasta wa kwakwalwa don ba da fifikon bayanai kuma yana rage dogaro ga ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci. Bayan haka, jirgin kasa da chess modules Yin nazarin wasanni a ainihin lokacin zai iya taimakawa cikin waɗannan tsarin tunani.

Abin sha'awa tare da budewa: kuskuren fifita ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya akan fahimta

Kuskure na uku shine, watakila, mafi m: Mafari sukan shafe sa'o'i suna haddar buɗaɗɗe, suna ganin hakan zai ba su dama nan take, lokacin da a zahiri yana daya daga cikin wuraren da yake da ƙarancin tasiri akan matakin wasan ku. Budewa yana da mahimmanci, amma idan kun fahimci manufarsa. Haddar bambance-bambancen karatu ba tare da fahimtar dabarun dabarun da ke bayansu ba kamar koyan kalmomi ne a cikin yaren waje ba tare da sanin nahawu ba.: iya aiki a cikin musamman mahallin, amma ya kasa tare da kowane bambanci.

Alamar alama ita ce ta 'yan wasan da suka mamaye Tsaron Sicilian har zuwa motsi 15, amma me, ta hanyar karkata daga rubutun, sun bata. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda iliminsu ya dogara ne akan ƙwaƙwalwar shela -wanda ke adana bayanai -, maimakon na tsarin memoria -wanda ke adana iyawa-. Na farko yana da tsauri; na biyu, daidaitacce.

Maganin ba shine watsi da nazarin budewa ba, amma ku kusanci shi da hankali. Maimakon haddace 20 motsi na Ruy Lopez, yana da amfani don fahimtar ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya: sarrafa cibiyar, haɓaka sassan, castle da wuri kuma haɗa rooks. Waɗannan ra'ayoyi na duniya ne kuma sun dace da kowane buɗewa. Bayan haka, dandamali kamar Lichess bayar da kayan aiki don yin aikin buɗewa a cikin yanayi mai mu'amala, inda mai kunnawa zai iya gwaji tare da bambance-bambancen karatu kuma ya karɓi amsa nan take.

Rashin kulawar ƙarshe: lokacin da aka yi watsi da dogon lokaci ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

Idan budewa ne farkon wasan, karshen su ne kololuwar. Duk da haka, yawancin masu farawa suna raina mahimmancinsa, gaskanta cewa an yanke shawarar wasanni a tsakiyar wasan. Wannan kuskuren yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda ƙarewa yana buƙatar nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban: da ikon tuna takamaiman alamu da amfani da su tare da madaidaicin madaidaicin. An hukunta dan wasan da ba ya nazarin wasan karshe da yin kurakurai na asali, kamar rashin sanin yadda ake haduwa da sarki da sarauniya a gaban sarki, ko bata damar samun nasara a matsayi.

Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Anders Ericsson, sananne ga ka'idarsa na 10,000 sa'o'i na aiki da gangan, yana mai cewa fifiko a kowane fanni yana buƙatar mayar da hankali kan wuraren da ke da rauni mafi girma. cikin chess, Ƙarshen yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yankunan.. Mafari wanda ke ciyarwa kawai 10% daga lokacin karatun ku zuwa wasan karshe yana iyakance ci gaban ku sosai. Labari mai dadi shine cewa ƙarewa sun fi sauƙi don tsara tsarin fiye da sauran matakan wasan. Littattafai kamar *100 Ƙarshen Chess Kuna Bukatar Sanin* na Jesús de la Villa kyakkyawan gabatarwa ne, tun da sun gabatar da alamu bayyanannu da maimaitawa.

Bayan haka, nazarin ƙarshe yana da tasiri mai amfani: yana inganta ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Wannan shine ikon gano sanannun alamu a cikin sabbin mahallin., fasaha mai mahimmanci ba kawai a cikin chess ba, amma a rayuwar yau da kullum. Misali, Dan wasan da ya yi wasan rook kuma ya ci gaba da kare rook zai gane da gangan lokacin da zai kunna rook a matsayi makamancin haka., koda kuwa allon yana cike da guntuwa.

Tarkon na “ni da duniya”: kuskuren rashin yin nazari akan wasannin na mutum

Kuskure na biyar shine, ta hanyoyi da dama, mafi yawan mutane: juriya ga yin nazari akan wasanni na mutum. bayan shan kaye, Yana da jaraba don zargi mummunan sa'a, zuwa shagaltuwa ko ma kishiya. Amma chess, kamar rayuwa, baya yafewa son rai. Kowane wasa, ko nasara ko rashin nasara, Yana da damar koyo, amma sai idan an duba gaskiya.

Matsalar ita ce, kwakwalwar ɗan adam takan tuna da abin da ke tabbatar da imaninta da kuma watsi da abin da ya saba musu.. Wannan shi ake kira tabbatar son zuciya. Dan wasan da ya gaskanta shi ne “mai kyau a dabara” zai tuna da nasarar ku bisa ga haɗe-haɗe masu haske, amma za ku manta wasannin da kuka yi rashin nasara saboda ba ku lissafta jerin da kyau ba. Don magance wannan son zuciya, Yana da mahimmanci a ɗauki hanyar kimiyya: rajistar wasanni, bincika su da kayan aiki kamar Kifi na jari, da kuma gano alamun kurakurai masu maimaitawa.

Hanya mai tasiri ita ce nazari na baya-bayan nan. Bayan wasa, ya kamata mai kunnawa ya sake gina shi daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba tare da kallon allo ba, kuma ku lura a cikin abubuwan da ƙwaƙwalwarku ta bambanta da gaskiya. Wannan ba kawai inganta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba, amma kuma ya bayyana wanne fanni na wasan ne suka fi ma'ana a gare shi. Misali, idan mai kunnawa ya tuna da sadaukarwar rook, amma manta kuskure a bude, Alama ce cewa kuna buƙatar ƙarin aiki akan wannan fannin..

Tatsuniya na iyawa: lokacin da aka raina ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

Kuskure na shida shine, A gaskiya, Imani mai iyaka: ra'ayin cewa chess wasa ne don “hazaka” ko kuma mutane masu hazaka na asali. Wannan ra'ayi, ko da yake romantic, karya ne. Nazarin kamar na Fernand Gobet da Guillermo Campitelli, Publicado da *Kimiyyar Psychological*, nuna cewa mafi mahimmancin dalilin nasara a cikin dara ba shine IQ ba, amma yawa da ingancin aikin. Watau, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya-horar da ta hanyar maimaitawa da bincike-yana da mahimmanci fiye da kowane zato “don dabi'a”.

Al'amarin na Bobby Fischer ne adam wata Misali ne. Ko da yake ana tunawa da shi a matsayin jarumi, hawansa kan kambun duniya ya faru ne sakamakon nazari mai zurfi na tsawon shekaru. Fischer ba kawai ya haddace wasanni ba, amma ya wargaje su har sai da ya fahimci kowane dalla-dalla. Tunaninsa ba sihiri bane; Ya samo asali ne na hanya mai tsauri.

Don masu farawa, wannan albishir ne: Chess wasa ne mai isa ga duk wanda ke son horar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar su bisa tsari.. Makullin yana cikin aiki da gangan, ra'ayi wanda ya ƙunshi mayar da hankali kan takamaiman wuraren ingantawa, sami amsa nan da nan kuma ku fita daga yankin ta'aziyya. Misali, maimakon yin wasanni masu sauri ba tare da tunani ba, ya kamata mafari ya ba da lokaci don magance matsalolin dabara, inda kowane motsa jiki yana ƙarfafa tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban.

Rashin haɗin kai tsakanin ka'idar da aiki: lokacin da ba a yi amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba

Kuskure na bakwai shi ne tazarar da ke tsakanin abin da dan wasa ya sani a ka’ida da abin da yake nema a aikace.. Wannan ya zama ruwan dare musamman a cikin yan wasa waɗanda ke cinye abun ciki da yawa—littattafai, bidiyoyi, kwasa-kwasan-amma ba sa aiwatar da shi ta hanyar da aka tsara. ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, a cikin wadannan lokuta, ya zama ma'ajiyar bayanai marasa amfani, kamar dakin karatu mai cike da littafai wanda babu wanda ya karanta.

Misali na yau da kullun shine ɗan wasan da ya san ƙa'idar murabba'i a cikin ƙarshen pawn., amma me, a cikin wasa na gaske, baya amfani da shi saboda yana jin tsoro ko shagala. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda ba a haɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ka'idar tare da tsarin memoria, wanda shine abin da ke jagorantar ayyukan atomatik. Don rufe wannan gibin, Yana da mahimmanci a haɗa nazarin ka'idar tare da aiki mai aiki. Misali, bayan koyon ra'ayi kamar zugzwang, Ya kamata mai kunnawa ya nemi wasanni inda wannan albarkatun ya bayyana kuma yayi nazarin yadda aka yi amfani da shi.

Wani kayan aiki mai amfani shine horo tare da ƙuntatawa. Misali, buga wasanni inda manufar ba shine nasara ba, amma don amfani da takamaiman ra'ayi, kamar sarrafa cibiyar ko aikin yanki. Wannan yana tilasta wa kwakwalwa fifikon aiwatar da abin da aka koya akan sakamakon nan take., ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin ka'idar da aiki.

Kuskuren lodi: lokacin da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta cika

Kuskure na takwas shine ƙoƙarin koyo da yawa cikin kankanin lokaci. A zamanin dijital, inda damar samun bayanai ba shi da iyaka, yana da jaraba don cinye abun ciki mara tsayawa: Bidiyon YouTube, online darussa, bude littattafai. Amma kwakwalwar mutum tana da iyaka. The memory aiki, ikon riƙe bayanai na ɗan lokaci, iya tuƙi tsakanin 4 y 7 abubuwa a lokaci guda, a cewar masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam George Miller. Lokacin da mafari yayi ƙoƙarin ɗaukar bayanai da yawa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ku ta cika, kuma abin da ya kamata a koya ya zama hayaniya.

Wani bincike daga Jami'ar California ya nuna cewa daliban da ke rarraba karatun su a takaice, zaman da ba su wuce ba, suna da karin bayanai fiye da wadanda ke yin sa a gudun fanfalaki na tsawon sa'o'i.. cikin chess, Wannan yana nufin cewa ya fi tasiri yin nazari 30 mintuna a rana, mai da hankali kan batu guda ɗaya, abin da za a sadaukar 5 awanni a ranar Lahadi don bitar duk abin da aka koya a cikin mako.

Bayan haka, Yana da mahimmanci don ba da fifikon inganci fiye da yawa. Maimakon ƙoƙarin haddace duk bambance-bambancen na Tsaron Indiya na King, Zai fi kyau a mallaki manyan layi ɗaya ko biyu kuma ku fahimci dabarun dabarun su. Wannan ba kawai yana hana jikewar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba, amma kuma yana sauƙaƙe aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen. Kayan aiki kamar Chessable Suna da amfani a wannan fannin, tun da suna amfani da sararin maimaitawa algorithms don inganta koyo.

Rashin amsawa: lokacin da ba a gyara ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba

Kuskure na tara yana wasa ba tare da samun martani na waje ba. ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kadai, bai isa ya inganta ba; yana bukatar gyara da tacewa. Dan wasan da kawai ke buga wasannin kan layi ba tare da tantance su ba ko kuma ya sami jagora daga koci ana yanke masa hukuncin maimaita kuskure iri ɗaya akai-akai.. Wannan yayi kama da ƙoƙarin koyan yare ta yin magana da kanku., ba tare da sauraron masu iya magana ko karɓar gyara ba.

Ana iya samun martani daga tushe da yawa: koci, injin chess, ko ma wani gogaggen kishiya. Abu mai mahimmanci shi ne cewa yana da takamaiman kuma mai aiki. Misali, maimakon ya ce “kun buga kuskuren budewa”, mai kyau feedback zai nuna: “a cikin motsi 5, jarumin ku akan c3 ya toshe gaba na d4 pawn, me ya iyakance ci gaban ku bishop”. Waɗannan nau'ikan gyare-gyare suna ba mai kunnawa damar gano ƙirar kuskure kuma yayi aiki akan su.

Bayan haka, martani ba dole ba ne ya zama na yau da kullun. Dandali kamar Chess.com bayar da bincike na wasan atomatik, wanda zai iya zama kyakkyawan kayan aiki ga 'yan wasan da ba su da damar samun koci. Makullin ba shine don daidaita sakamakon wasan ba, amma fahimta saboda an ci nasara ko aka rasa.

Kuskure na karshe: rikita hadda da koyo

Kuskure na goma kuma na karshe shine, ta hanyoyi da dama, hadewar duk abubuwan da suka gabata: rikita hadda da koyo. Dan wasan da ya haddace budewa, Dabaru da ƙarewa ba tare da fahimtar ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin da kuke gina wasanku akan yashi ba. ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, cikin chess, Ba ita ce iyaka ba, amma kayan aiki don haɓaka fahimta.

Misali bayyananne shine na 'yan wasan da suka haddace Tashi Mara Mutuwa da Anderssen, amma ba su fahimci dalilin da yasa hadayar sarauniya ke aiki a cikin wannan mahallin ba. Ba tare da wannan fahimtar ba, Ba za su iya amfani da manufar a cikin nasu wasannin ba. Koyo na gaskiya yana faruwa lokacin da aka haɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tare da tunani mai ma'ana, kerawa da ikon daidaitawa.

Don gujewa wannan kuskure, Yana da mahimmanci a ɗauki cikakkiyar hanya. Wannan yana nufin nazarin ba kawai wasanni da buɗewa ba, amma kuma tarihin chess, ilimin halin dan Adam na wasan har ma da falsafa. Misali, karanta game da Wilhelm Steinitz kuma ka'idarsa na daidaitawa a cikin dara zai iya taimakawa wajen fahimtar dalilin da yasa wasu ka'idodin dabarun aiki. Hakazalika, nazarin wasanni na Kasparov vs Karpov zai iya bayyana yadda ilimin halin dan Adam ke tasiri ga yanke shawara a kan allo.

A karshe, dara shine wasan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, amma ba a zahiri ba. Wasan ƙwaƙwalwa ne mai hankali, inda abin da ake tunawa ba keɓance ƙungiyoyi ba ne, amma alamu, ra'ayoyi da ka'idoji. Kuskuren da masu farawa ke yi ba gazawar fasaha ba ne, amma alamun alaƙar da ba ta da aiki tare da ƙwaƙwalwa. Gyara su baya bukatar hazaka, amma horo, son sani da, sama da duka, son koyo daga kowane wasa, ko nasara ko rashin nasara.

An shirya allon. Guda, a matsayi. Tambayar ba ita ce idan za ku iya yin nasara ba, amma idan kuna son tunawa - kuma ku koya - daga kowane motsi.

dara, kamar rayuwa, Ba wai don guje wa kuskure ba ne., amma don fahimtar su. Kowane wasa ya sha kashi, kowane ra'ayi mara amfani, duk budewar da aka manta a lokaci mai mahimmanci, Yana da damar da za a kaifafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da, da ita, hankali. Kurakurai da muka yi nazari ba wasu tuntuɓe ba ne; Sigina ne na yadda muke sarrafa bayanai, yadda muke adana shi da kuma yadda muke dawo da shi cikin matsin lamba.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin dara ba rumbun adana bayanai ba ne, amma tsokar da aka ƙarfafa ta hanyar amfani da hankali. Mai kunnawa wanda ya haddace bambance-bambancen karatu ba tare da fahimtar su ba kamar mawaƙi ne wanda ke maimaita ma'auni ba tare da jin kiɗan ba.. Ci gaba na gaskiya yana zuwa lokacin da ƙwaƙwalwa ya zama fahimta, da fahimta, cikin fahimta. Lokacin da mafari ya daina ganin allon a matsayin saitin guda kuma ya fara gane ta a matsayin tsarin tsarin haɗin gwiwa., ya yi ƙwaƙƙwaran tsalle wanda ke raba shi da tashewa.

Amma wannan hanyar ba ta layi ba ce. Za a yi wasanni inda, duk da karatun, memory zai kasa. Lokaci na takaici inda abin da aka koya zai zama kamar ya ɓace. A waɗancan lokutan ne darasi ke bayyana darasinsa mafi mahimmanci: kuskure ba abokin gaba bane, amma malam. Duk wani jack mate ya kauce, kowane haɗin da aka lissafta daidai, kowane karshe lashe da fasaha, Sakamakon fadawa tarko iri daya ne a baya. ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, haka, ba fayil kawai ba, amma taswirar abubuwan da ke jagorantar yanke shawara masu hikima.

Babban kalubalen ba shine sanin dara ba, amma don sanin fasahar koyo. Me yasa, a karshe, allon bai wuce madubi ba. Yana nuna ba kawai ƙarfinmu da kasawarmu ba, amma kuma iyawarmu ta haɓaka. da wancan, watakila, zama mafi mahimmancin wasan duka.